Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the millennium development goals: lessons from five countries
Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the millennium development goals: lessons from five countries
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DOI：
10.2471/blt.11.094284
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发表时间：
2012-03-01
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Bartram, Jamie K
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作者：
Bain, Rob ES;Gundry, Stephen W;Bartram, Jamie K
目的确定水源质量数据如何影响对实现2015年千年发展目标（MDG）获得安全饮用水目标进展情况的评估。方法来自5个国家的数据，关于饮用水源是否符合世界卫生组织关于耐热大肠菌群、砷、2004年和2005年的氟化物和硝酸盐是从饮用水质量快速评估项目中获得的。这些数据被用来调整供水和卫生联合监测方案在1990年和2008年根据千年发展目标基线对获得安全饮用水的人口比例所作的估计，结果考虑到水源质量的数据，获得安全饮用水的人口比例估计值大大降低，2008年，五个研究国家中有四个国家的水资源绝对减少了10%：埃塞俄比亚减少了11%，尼加拉瓜减少了16%，尼日利亚减少了15%，塔吉克斯坦减少了7%。在约旦只有轻微的减少。微生物污染比化学污染更常见。结论千年发展目标指标用于确定水源是否安全的标准可能导致对获得安全饮用水的人口的大幅高估，因此也高估了实现2015年千年发展目标目标的进展。通过记录水源获取情况及其安全性来监测饮用水供应将是一个重大改进。
Objective To determine how data on water source quality affect assessments of progress towards the 2015 Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target on access to safe drinking-water.Methods Data from five countries on whether drinking-water sources complied with World Health Organization water quality guidelines on contamination with thermotolerant coliform bacteria, arsenic, fluoride and nitrates in 2004 and 2005 were obtained from the Rapid Assessment of Drinking-Water Quality project. These data were used to adjust estimates Of the proportion of the population with access to safe drinking-water at the MDG baseline in 1990 and in 2008 made by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, which classified all improved sources as safe.Findings Taking account of data on water source quality resulted in substantially lower estimates of the percentage of the population with access to safe drinking-water in 2008 in four of the five study countries: the absolute reduction was 11% in Ethiopia, 16% in Nicaragua, 15% in Nigeria and 7% in Tajikistan. There was only a slight reduction in Jordan. Microbial contamination was more common than chemical contamination.Conclusion The criterion used by the MDG indicator to determine whether a water source is safe can lead to substantial overestimates of the population with access to safe drinking-water and, consequently, also overestimates the progress made towards the 2015 MDG target. Monitoring drinking-water supplies by recording both access to water sources and their safety would be a substantial improvement.