Can observed randomness be certified to be fully intrinsic?
Can observed randomness be certified to be fully intrinsic?
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DOI：
10.1103/physrevlett.112.100402
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发表时间：
2013-05
影响因子：
8.6
通讯作者：
C. Dhara;Gonzalo de la Torre;A. Acín
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
C. Dhara;Gonzalo de la Torre;A. Acín
一般而言，任何观察到的随机过程都包括两种性质不同的随机性：表观随机性和内在随机性，前者是由于忽视或缺乏对系统自由度的控制而产生的，后者不能归因于任何这样的原因。虽然经典系统只具有第一种随机性，但量子系统可能会表现出一些内在的随机性。在这封信中，我们提供了量子过程，其中所有观察到的随机性都是完全内在的。这些结果是在最小的假设下得出的：无信号原则的有效性和任意(但不是绝对)选择自由的缺乏。我们的结果证明，量子预测不可能在简单的有限场景中完成，例如三方执行两个二分式测量。此外，观察到的随机性在增加参与方数量时趋于完美的随机位，从而定义了实现完全随机性放大的显式过程。
In general, any observed random process includes two qualitatively different forms of randomness: apparent randomness, which results both from ignorance or lack of control of degrees of freedom in the system, and intrinsic randomness, which is not ascribable to any such cause. While classical systems only possess the first kind of randomness, quantum systems may exhibit some intrinsic randomness. In this Letter, we provide quantum processes in which all the observed randomness is fully intrinsic. These results are derived under minimal assumptions: the validity of the no-signaling principle and an arbitrary (but not absolute) lack of freedom of choice. Our results prove that quantum predictions cannot be completed already in simple finite scenarios, for instance of three parties performing two dichotomic measurements. Moreover, the observed randomness tends to a perfect random bit when increasing the number of parties, thus, defining an explicit process attaining full randomness amplification.