Can we avert an Amazon tipping point? The economic and environmental costs

Can we avert an Amazon tipping point? The economic and environmental costs
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我们能避免亚马逊的临界点吗?

DOI:
10.1088/1748-9326/aca3b8
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发表时间:
2022
影响因子:
6.7
通讯作者:
Brando, Paulo M
Brando, Paulo M
中科院分区:
环境科学与生态学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Banerjee, Onil;Cicowiez, Martin;Macedo, Marcia N;Malek, Žiga;Verburg, Peter H;Goodwin, Sean;Vargas, Renato;Rattis, Ludmila;Bagstad, Kenneth J;Brando, Paulo M

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不可持续的经济驱动因素正在将亚马逊生物群落推向生态临界点,可能不再可能恢复到之前的状态。这种退化是森林砍伐、气候变化和火灾之间自我强化相互作用的结果。我们使用与空间土地利用-土地覆盖变化和生态系统服务模型(IEEM + ESM)相关的综合经济环境建模(IEEM)平台,评估经济、自然资本和生态系统服务的影响以及代表亚马逊临界点走向的情景的权衡以及避免临界点的策略。我们的方法提供了临界点对经济、自然资本和生态系统服务影响的初步近似,以及为避免临界点的战略建立经济案例的证据。对于亚马逊的五个重点国家,即巴西、秘鲁、哥伦比亚、玻利维亚和厄瓜多尔,我们发现,到 2050 年,临界点将造成累计国内生产总值 2566 亿美元的经济损失。有助于避免临界点的政策,包括大力减少森林砍伐、投资于已开垦土地的集约化农业、气候适应型农业等。 农业和改善火灾管理,将产生约 3,393 亿美元的额外财富和 295 亿美元的投资回报。以透明和可复制的方式量化避免临界点的政策的成本、收益和权衡,可以支持亚马逊生物群落区域发展战略的设计,建立行动的商业案例,并促进全球合作和融资,以实现政策的实施。
The Amazon biome is being pushed by unsustainable economic drivers towards an ecological tipping point where restoration to its previous state may no longer be possible. This degradation is the result of self-reinforcing interactions between deforestation, climate change and fire. We assess the economic, natural capital and ecosystem services impacts and trade-offs of scenarios representing movement towards an Amazon tipping point and strategies to avert one using the Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling (IEEM) Platform linked with spatial land use-land cover change and ecosystem services modeling (IEEM + ESM). Our approach provides the first approximation of the economic, natural capital and ecosystem services impacts of a tipping point, and evidence to build the economic case for strategies to avert it. For the five Amazon focal countries, namely, Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Bolivia and Ecuador, we find that a tipping point would create economic losses of US$256.6 billion in cumulative gross domestic product by 2050. Policies that would contribute to averting a tipping point, including strongly reducing deforestation, investing in intensifying agriculture in cleared lands, climate-adapted agriculture and improving fire management, would generate approximately US$339.3 billion in additional wealth and a return on investment of US$29.5 billion. Quantifying the costs, benefits and trade-offs of policies to avert a tipping point in a transparent and replicable manner can support the design of regional development strategies for the Amazon biome, build the business case for action and catalyze global cooperation and financing to enable policy implementation.
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