Life on the edge:: African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae s.l.) larvae are amphibious
Life on the edge:: African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae s.l.) larvae are amphibious
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DOI：
10.1007/s00114-006-0178-y
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发表时间：
2007-03-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Walker, Edward D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Miller, James R.;Huang, Juan;Walker, Edward D.
冈比亚按蚊是撒哈拉以南非洲地区疟疾的主要传播媒介。在这里，估计每年有100万人死于这种疾病。尽管有大量的研究。冈比亚越来越多地探索亚有机体现象，这种致命昆虫的野外生物学的重要方面尚未被发现。在目前的研究中，我们使用简单的观察工具，揭示了幼虫的栖息地。冈比亚并不像人们普遍接受的那样，只限于暂时的泥坑。因此，针对未成熟体的控制策略必须考虑比水坑本身更大的区域。事实上，鸡蛋更有可能在外面而不是在水坑里找到。卵可以发育，幼虫可以出现在泥上。幼虫有三种不同的陆地移动模式（两种主动模式和一种被动模式），因此它们可以到达静水。在泥轴承的水膜，幼虫积极位移向后的正弦波动显示只有轻微的变化的游泳电机程序。在干燥的泥土上，幼虫会转换成一种缓慢而向前的主动运动形式，类似于爬行的毛虫。在下雨时，小幼虫可能会被动地被流动的雨水所取代，从而沉积在水坑中。这些能力是两栖，沿着非常迅速的增长和发展，有助于解释如何安。冈比亚在一个高度不确定和往往充满敌意的幼虫环境中茁壮成长。
Anopheles gambiae s.l. is the main vector of malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa. Here, an estimated 1 million people die every year from this disease. Despite considerable research on An. gambiae that increasingly explores sub-organismal phenomena, important facets of the field biology of this deadly insect are yet being discovered. In the current study, we used simple observational tools to reveal that the habitat of larval An. gambiae is not limited within the boundaries of temporary mud puddles, as has been the accepted generalization. Thus, control tactics aimed at immatures must consider zones larger than puddles per se. In fact, eggs are more likely to be found outside than inside puddles. Eggs can develop and larvae can emerge on mud. Larvae are then capable of three distinct modes of terrestrial displacement (two active and one passive), whereby, they can reach standing water. On mud bearing a film of water, larvae actively displace backwards by sinusoidal undulations shown to be only a slight variation of the swimming motor program. On drying mud, larvae switch to a slower and forward form of active locomotion resembling that of a crawling caterpillar. During rains, small larvae may be passively displaced by flowing rainwater so as to be deposited into puddles. These capabilities for being amphibious, along with very rapid growth and development, help explain how An. gambiae thrives in a highly uncertain and often hostile larval environment.