Emergy evaluations of Denmark and Danish agriculture: Assessing the influence of changing resource availability on the organization of agriculture and society
Emergy evaluations of Denmark and Danish agriculture: Assessing the influence of changing resource availability on the organization of agriculture and society
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DOI：
10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.025
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发表时间：
2006-11
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
T. Rydberg;A. C. Haden
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
T. Rydberg;A. C. Haden
本文介绍了1936年、1970年和1999年丹麦和丹麦农业的能值评价。这些评估强调了在研究的时间段内农业与社会之间不断变化的关系。支持丹麦经济的能源总量大幅增加，从1936年到1999年，人均能源使用量（衡量生活水平的生物物理指标）增长了379%，这既来自进口资源，也来自生物圈的不可再生储存。1936年，丹麦农业在很大程度上以役畜牵引为基础，生产需要大约11.1亿人小时的直接劳动力，而在1970年和1999年，所有牵引都是机械化的，生产分别需要大约4.15亿和1.21亿人小时。在同一时期，支持农业劳动每人小时的能量增加了1600%。农业生产的动力转向越来越依赖商业能源和间接劳动力。鉴于在研究期间，通过开采和使用国内石油和天然气以及贸易，丹麦经济可获得的能源有所增加，劳动力从农业转向服务业和制造业代表了全国范围内的最大权力重组。评价还表明，虽然农业仍然是工业经济体获取当地可再生资源的重要途径，但鉴于农业生产的净能源产量有限，农业系统所能支持的非农业经济活动的规模在能够获得高净产量进口能源的经济体中似乎有限。
This paper presents emergy evaluations of Denmark and Danish agriculture for the years 1936, 1970 and 1999. The evaluations highlight the changing relationship between agriculture and society over the time period studied. A large increase in total emergy supporting the Danish economy was observed, and the 379% rise from 1936 to 1999 in emergy use per capita, a biophysical measure of living standard, came from both imported sources and from the non-renewable storages of the biosphere. In 1936, Danish agriculture was largely based on the use of draft animals for traction and approximately 1,110,000,000 person-hours of direct labor were required for production, while in 1970 and 1999, all traction was mechanized and approximately 415,000,000 and 121,000,000 person-hours were required for production, respectively. Over the same period, the emergy supporting each person-hour of agricultural labor increased by 1600%. The driving forces for agricultural production shifted towards an increased reliance on commercial energy and indirect labor. Given the increase in emergy available to the Danish economy through extraction and use of domestic oil and gas and trade over the period studied, the shift in labor from agriculture to the service and manufacturing sectors represented a nation-wide re-organization for maximum empower. The evaluations also indicate that while agriculture remains an essential way for industrial economies to capture local renewable resources, given the limited net emergy yields of agricultural production, the magnitude of non-agricultural economic activity that agriculture systems can support appears limited in an economy with access to high-net-yield imported energy resources.