The dual benefits of aposematism: predator avoidance and enhanced resource collection.
The dual benefits of aposematism: predator avoidance and enhanced resource collection.
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警戒的双重好处：避免捕食者和加强资源收集。
DOI：
10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00931.x
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发表时间：
2010
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Speed MP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Speed MP
警告理论通常关注于这样一种观点，即警告显示的进化是因为它们是对捕食者的有效信号。在这里，我们认为警告行为可能会进化，因为通过加强保护，它使动物变得更加暴露，从而获得资源收集的好处，例如，通过更广泛的觅食生态位。频率相关的障碍（由相对于其他猎物的显著性增强和低水平的捕食者教育引起）通常被认为使警告行为的进化特别具有挑战性。通过一个确定性的进化模型，我们表明，如果警告显示能够使猎物在其环境中更自由地移动，或者以其他方式暴露，从而提供与捕食风险无关的健康益处，则警告显示可以相对容易地进化。此外，该模型还表明，警示性显著性特征和导致暴露增加的行为特征是相互正向影响的，因此，当警示性显著性特征同时存在时，两者的最优水平往往比单独存在时更高。我们讨论了警告的生态和进化后果。一个结论是，辐射可能是一个关键的进化创新，因为通过扩大栖息地的使用，它可能促进适应性辐射作为增强生态机会的副产品。
Theories of aposematism often focus on the idea that warning displays evolve because they work as effective signals to predators. Here, we argue that aposematism may instead evolve because, by enhancing protection, it enables animals to become more exposed and thereby gain resource-gathering benefits, for example, through a wider foraging niche. Frequency-dependent barriers (caused by enhanced conspicuousness relative to other prey and low levels of predator education) are generally assumed to make the evolution of aposematism particularly challenging. Using a deterministic, evolutionary model we show that aposematic display could evolve relatively easily if it enabled prey to move more freely around their environments, or become exposed in some other manner that provides fitness benefits unrelated to predation risk. Furthermore, the model shows that the traits of aposematic conspicuousness and behavior which lead to raised exposure positively affect each other, so that the optimal level of both tends to increase when the traits exist together, compared to when they exist in isolation. We discuss the ecological and evolutionary consequences of aposematism. One conclusion is that aposematism could be a key evolutionary innovation, because by widening habitat use it may promote adaptive radiation as a byproduct of enhanced ecological opportunity.