Evaluation of Detergents for Textile Cleaning
Evaluation of Detergents for Textile Cleaning
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纺织品清洁用洗涤剂的评价
DOI：
10.1021/ie50480a055
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发表时间：
1949
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Ryan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
W. Utermohlen;M. Ryan
由于合成洗涤剂性能水平的提高和相对有利的成本，最近合成洗涤剂的使用急剧增加，使得洗涤剂的评估领域变得越来越重要。这对于纺织材料的情况尤其重要，因为用于评估纺织品洗涤处理的准确且有效的方法一直难以获得。这种纺织品去污力评估的主要应用是棉织物的洗涤，尽管羊毛和各种合成材料的洗涤也存在许多常见问题。纺织品去污力主要涉及两种类型的过程：去除自然或整理过程中获得的污垢，如羊毛油脂、棉蜡、纺丝油、染色操作中的过量颜料等；以及去除污垢，如羊毛油脂、棉蜡、纺丝油、染色操作中的过量颜料等。以及去除最终用途、商业和家庭洗涤过程中产生的污垢。这些有许多明显的差异，但是，在这两种情况下，清洁的目标是相同的——首先，获得令人满意的清洁质量，其次，以最低的总成本实现这种质量。在为给定应用选择特定清洁剂时必须仔细考虑这两个因素，因此令人满意的评估方法非常重要；使这些方法更加准确、高效或简单的改进是非常需要的。去污力测试的一般直接方法包括准备污染的纺织材料、洗涤该材料的碎片以及估计污垢去除的程度。常见的天然和人造土壤要么是油，要么是油性物质和颜料的混合物。在某些情况下，例如原毛的洗涤，清洁过程的目的是去除主要成分是油性物质的污垢。除了重量测量之外，还没有设计出令人满意的评估油污去除的方法——例如，测量从一磅脱脂棉中获得的洗毛的重量，或者测定从称重的一块布或绞纱的溶剂萃取中得到的非挥发性物质的重量。在油污以高重量百分比存在的情况下，这种重量方法是最令人满意的。如果油仅存在少量，则清洁过程中的重量损失很小并且可能难以准确确定。如果重量测量是在未洗和已洗的布片上进行的，而不是在非挥发性提取物上进行的，则尤其如此，因为布的水分含量的差异可能会扭曲或掩盖由于除油而导致的重量损失。然而，人们普遍发现，与油性污垢相比，颜料污垢更难从纺织材料上去除，并且更容易被发现并且更令人反感；因此，大多数去污力评价程序都
THE recent sharp rise in the use of synthetic de-tergents, due to their improv-ing level of performance and their relatively favorable costs, has made the field of evaluation of detergents increasingly important. This is particularly pertinent tothe case of textile materials, be-cause accurate and efficient means for the evaluation of textile washing treatments have always been difficult to attain. The principal ap-plication of such textile de-tergency evaluations hasbeen in the washing of cotton fabrics, although many problems are common to the washing of wool and the various synthetic materials as well.Textile detergency is concerned chiefly with two types of proc-esses: the removal of soils such as wool grease, cotton waxes, spinning oils, excess pigment from dyeing operations, etc., ac-quired in nature or in finishing processes; andthe removal of soils acqui^ d in end-use, theprovince of commercial and domes-tic laundering. These have many obvious differences, but, in both cases, the objectives of cleaning are the same—first, to ob-tain a satisfactory quality of cleaning, and secondly, to achieve this quality at a minimum total cost. Both of these factors must be considered carefully in making a choice of a particular detergent for a given application, and thus satisfactory means of evaluation are very important; improvements making these methods more accurate, efficient, or simple are highly desirable. A general direct method of detergency testing involves prepara-tion of a soiled textile material, washing pieces of that material, and estimation of the extent of soil removal. The common natural and artificial soils are either oils or a mixture of oily ma-terial and pigments. In some cases, such as the scouring of raw wool, the objectof the cleaning process is to remove a soil whose principal components are oily materials. No satisfactory means of evaluating removal of oily soil have been devised other than weight measurements—eg, the weight of scoured wool obtained from one pound of grease wool is measured, or the weight of the nonvolatile matter from a solvent extraction of a weighed piece of cloth or skein of yarn is determined. This weight method is most satisfactory in the cases where the oily soil was present in a high weight percentage. If the oil was present inonly small amounts, the weight losses from a cleaning process are small and may be difficult to determine accurately. This is especially true if weight measurements are made on unwashed and washed pieces of cloth, rather than on the nonvolatile extracted matter, because differ-ences in moisture content of the cloth can distort or obscure the weight losses due to oil removal. It has been generally found, however, that pigment soil is more difficult to remove from textile materials than is oily soil and is more easily seen and more objectionable; therefore, most detergency evaluation procedures have