'INTEREST' AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL CONCEPT
'INTEREST' AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL CONCEPT
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DOI：
10.1111/j.2044-8295.1949.tb00219.x
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发表时间：
1949-06-01
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Berlyne, D. E.
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作者：
Berlyne, D. E.
184“兴趣”是一个心理学概念，由圣安德鲁斯大学DE Berlyne著，第一章，绪论(第184页)。二.历史时期(第184-189页)：A，1914年前时期(第184-185页)；B，两次世界大战之间时期(185-187页)；C，最近时期(187-189页)。对“兴趣”一词所涵盖领域的分析和讨论(第189-194页)：A，“兴趣”的含义是指所有形式的动机的某些方面(189-191页)；B，是指特殊形式的动机(191-193页)；C，是指“兴趣”在人格和自我结构中的位置(193-194页)。四.摘要(第194页)。参考文献(第194-195页)。在日常讨论人类行为、其背后的动机以及它所反映的个人特征时，如果不使用“兴趣”这个术语，我们就不能走得很远。“兴趣”被认为与应用心理学的几乎每一个分支以及心理学影响的各个研究领域有关。教育理论家的一个古老的任务是确定“兴趣”在使教学有效以及诱导它的方法方面的作用，而“职业兴趣”占据了所有从事指导或选择的人的注意力，或者那些希望在行业中消除厌烦的人的注意力。狭隘、肤浅或特殊的“兴趣”往往是精神科医生病人的特点，而职业治疗等治疗形式是通过“兴趣”来实现的。至少有一位著名的社会学家，麦克伊弗(22岁)，把“兴趣”作为他整个体系的核心。然而，正如奥尔波特(2)所说：“我们最大的缺陷之一是缺乏一致或充分的利益理论。”在联想主义的时代，内省心理学的兴趣是一个最受欢迎的话题，那个时期的大多数伟人都试图用他们的基本概念来解释它。从那时起，我们的方法、术语和概念得到了根本性的修改，但人们的兴趣尚未完全被新制度同化。对兴趣的测量，特别是对职业兴趣的测量，进展很快，但对这项工作最全面的现有描述(Fryer(12))在脚注中简短地定义了“兴趣”！现在，对动物的简单生物动机的研究已经取得了相当大的进展，我们正面临着文明成年人的更复杂的动机，这使得我们有必要重新考虑被称为“兴趣”等术语所指的现象，使物体和活动变得“有趣”的品质，以及对某事“感兴趣”的人的行为特征。我们必须将它们与我们现在所接受的心理学中的基本功能联系起来，区分我们可能被迫承认的不同类别，并决定它们都有什么共同之处。*II~1.历史上的A.1914年前的时期(这些数据取自阿诺德对截至1906年关于这一主题的言论的关键描述)。早期的心理学家主要关注与兴趣有关的主观体验的分析，特别是它与感觉和注意力的关系。德·贝林185对感觉的强调源于赫尔巴特，他将兴趣定义为“一种依赖于对象的感觉”。它不能控制对象，但可以传递给能够这样做的“欲望”。就像大多数有意识的现象一样，它是由于感知大众的相互作用而产生的。拉德还将兴趣与感觉联系在一起。蒂奇纳认为兴趣是同一过程的不同方面，而不是我们所说的“注意力”。“注意力”所指的是伴随着有机体状态的感觉。詹姆斯写道：“我们参加的事情据说会引起我们的兴趣。我们的…
184'INTEREST'AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL CONCEPT By DE BERLYNE, University of St Andrews I. Introduction (p. 184). II. Historical (pp. 184-189): A, The pre-1914 period (pp. 184-185); B, The inter-war period (pp. 185-187); C, The recent period (pp. 187-189). III. Analysis and discussion of the field covered by the term'interest'(pp. 189-194): A, Meanings of'interest'referring to some aspect of all forms of motivation (pp. 189-191); B, Meanings referring to special forms of motivation (pp. 191-193); C, Meanings referring to thefplace o'interest'in personality and ego-structure (pp. 193-194). IV. Summary (p. 194). References (pp. 194-195). I. INTRODUCTION In everyday discussion of human behaviour, the motives behind it and the personal characteristics it reflects, we cannot go very far without using the term'interest'.'Interest'is considered relevant to practically every branch of applied psychology, and to various fields of study which psychology influences. One of the age-old quests of educational theorists has been to determine the role of'interest'in making instruction effective and the means of inducing it, while'vocational interests' occupy the attention of all who practise guidance or selection or who wish to combat boredom in industry. Narrowness, shallowness or peculiarities in their'interests' often characterize psychiatrists' patients and such forms of treatment as occupational therapy work through'interest'. At least one prominent sociologist, MacIver (22), makes' interest'the kernel of his whole system. And yet, as Allport (2) says:" one of our greatest defects is our lack of a consistent or adequate theory of interest." In the days of associationist, introspective psychology interest was a favourite topic, and most of the great names of the period tried their hand at explaining it in terms of their basic concepts. Since then, our methods, terminology and concepts have been radically revised, but interest has not yet been fully assimilated to the new regime. Measurement of interests, especially of vocational interests, has proceeded apace, butthe most comprehensive existing account ofthis work (Fryer (12)) defines' interest'briefly in a footnote! Now that the study of the simple biological motivation of animals has advanced a fair distance, we are being brought face to face with the more complex motives of civilized adult human beings, which make it essential to reconsider the pheno-mena that are referred to by such terms as' interest', etc., the qualities that make objects and activities' interesting', and the behaviour characteristic of a person who is' interested'in something. We must relate them to what we now accept as fundamental functions in psychology, distinguish the different categories we may be forced to recognize among them and decide what, if anything, they all have in common.* II~~~~~~~ 1. HISTORICAL A. The pre-1914 period (These data are taken from a critical account by Arnold (4) of what had been said on the subject up to 1906.) The early psychologists were concerned largely with the analysis of the subjective experiences involved in interest, especially with its relation to feeling and to attention. DE BERLYNE 185 The emphasis onfeeling stems from Herbart who defines interest as" a feeling depending on an object". It does not control the object, but can pass into'desire'which can do so. It is, like most conscious phenomena, due to the interaction of apperceptive masses. Ladd also identifies interest with feeling. Titchener sees interest as a different aspect of the same process as that which we call'attention'. It is the feeling accompanying that state of the organism which'attention'denotes. James writes that" the things to which we attend are said to interest us. Our …