Manifestations of chronic and acute stress in dogs
Manifestations of chronic and acute stress in dogs
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DOI：
10.1016/s0168-1591(96)01131-8
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发表时间：
1997-04-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
deVries, HW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Beerda, B;Schilder, MBH;deVries, HW
恶劣的住房条件，苛刻的训练课程和不可控制或不可预测的社会环境是可能导致犬只福利状况下降的情况的例子。福利不佳的人可能会经历压力，因此可能会表现出压力反应。为了评估压力反应作为狗福利差的潜在指标，我们回顾了有关狗受到压力的研究。已报道的应激反应分为行为、生理或免疫反应，并展示了应激在犬中表现的各种方式。据报道，诸如噪音、固定、训练、新奇、运输或限制性住房条件等应激源会引起行为、心血管、内分泌、肾脏、胃肠道和血液学参数的反应。因此，这些和其他参数在压力期间发生变化可能表明福利状况不佳。然而，在压力反应可以被用作福利的有效指标之前，必须考虑几个误解的来源，虽然类似于人类的情况，特别是慢性压力可能会损害福利，但大多数研究涉及急性压力，而不涉及慢性压力和相关现象。适应可能会抵消最初的压力反应，并使急性压力的参数对评估慢性压力无用。因此，对压力的适应本身就表明福利减少。这种适应可以通过挑战应激反应系统来发现。建议进一步研究急性应激参数作为慢性stress.Differences在应激属性和狗的个体特征引入应激反应的变异性。这种变化将复杂的压力反应的福利方面的有效解释。获得和应用狗的压力反应和测量一个以上的压力参数的基础知识，建议尽量减少误解的压力测量的风险。(C)1997年Elsevier Science B.V.
Poor housing conditions, harsh training sessions and uncontrollable or unpredictable social environments are examples of the situations that may lead to reduced welfare status in dogs. Individuals that suffer from poor welfare presumably experience stress and may consequently exhibit stress responses. In order to evaluate stress responses as potential indicators of poor welfare in dogs, we review studies dealing with dogs subjected to stressors. The reported stress responses are categorized as being behavioural, physiological or immunological, and demonstrate the various ways stress is manifested in the dog.Stressors such as noise, immobilization, training, novelty, transport or restricted housing conditions have been reported to elicit responses in behavioural, cardiovascular, endocrine, renal, gastro-intestinal, and haematological parameters. These and other parameters that change during stress may thus be indicative of poor welfare. However, several sources of misinterpretation have to be considered before stress responses may be used as valid indicators of welfare.Although analogous to the human situation, especially chronic stress may impair welfare, most studies deal with acute stress and do not address chronic stress and related phenomena. Adaptation may counteract the initial stress response and render parameters of acute stress useless for assessing chronic stress. Adaptations to stress are thus in themselves indicative of reduced welfare. Such adaptations may be discovered by challenging a stress responsive system. Additional studies are recommended to investigate acute stress parameters as possible indicators of chronic stress.Differences in stressor properties and in individual characteristics of dogs introduce variability in stress responses. Such variability will complicate a valid interpretation of stress responses with regard to welfare. Obtaining and applying fundamental knowledge of stress responses in dogs and measuring more than one stress parameter are proposed to minimize the risk of misinterpreting measurements of stress. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.