Immediate and delayed transfer of training effects in statistical reasoning.
Immediate and delayed transfer of training effects in statistical reasoning.
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统计推理中训练效果的立即和延迟转移。
DOI：
10.1037//0096-3445.120.1.34
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发表时间：
1991
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Nisbett,RE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fong,GT;Nisbett,RE
自柏拉图时代以来，关于推理本质的两个核心问题就已经得到解决：推理规则存在于什么普遍性和抽象水平？以及是否有可能提高人们的推理能力？这两个问题密切相关。直到十九世纪末，柏拉图和大多数后来的思想家都认为，人们拥有非常抽象的规则，因此，提高推理能力相对容易。根据这种被称为正式纪律的观点，可以以数学或逻辑的形式抽象地教授规则，然后将它们应用于日常生活的具体领域。十九世纪的心理学家和教育家通过在身体训练和心理训练之间进行类比来解释这一过程：正如一个人可以通过锻炼肌肉来获得更强壮的肌肉一样，人们也可以通过锻炼推理能力来增强肌肉。
Two central questions about the nature of reasoning have been addressed since Plato's time: At what level of generality and abstraction do rules for reasoning exist? and Is it possible to improve people's reasoning abilities? These two questions are intimately related. Plato, and most subsequent thinkers up until the late nineteenth century, believed that people possess very abstract rules and that, as a consequence, it is relatively easy to improve reasoning. According to this perspective, known as formal disci pline, rules can be taught in the abstract, in the form of mathematics or logic, and they will then be applied across the concrete domains of everyday life. Psychologists and educators through the nineteenth century explained the process by drawing an analogy between physical and mental training: Just as one could exercise the muscles to obtain stronger muscles, so too could one exercise the reasoning faculties to strengthen them.