Parasite evolution in response to sex-based host heterogeneity in resistance and tolerance
Parasite evolution in response to sex-based host heterogeneity in resistance and tolerance
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DOI：
10.1111/jeb.12541
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发表时间：
2014-12-01
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
Alizon, S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cousineau, S. V.;Alizon, S.
在对感染的免疫反应的水平和类型方面，性别之间的异质性在许多物种中都有记载，但它在寄生虫进化中的作用才刚刚开始探索。我们采用进化流行病学的方法来研究宿主通过主动免疫(抵抗力)或通过最小化给定寄生虫负载的有害影响(耐受性)来应对感染的能力如何影响寄生虫毒力的进化。与早期的模型一致，我们发现宿主抗性和耐受性的增加都有利于毒力更强的寄生虫菌株。然而，我们表明，如果两性之间的二态现象是通过抵抗或通过容忍发生的，那么根据两性之间的接触模式，可以得到定性不同的结果。最后，我们发现寄主性别比的变化可以放大异质性对寄生虫进化的影响。根据文献中的几个例子对这些结果进行了分析，以说明性二型免疫反应的盛行率以及进一步研究性二型性在寄生虫进化中的作用的可能性。这类研究可能对改进慢性感染的治疗和传染病的控制，以及了解性别在免疫功能中的作用具有高度相关性。
Heterogenity between sexes in terms of both the level and the type of immune response to infection is documented in many species, but its role on parasite evolution is only beginning to be explored. We adopt an evolutionary epidemiology approach to study how the ability of a host to respond to infection through active immunity (resistance) or through minimizing deleterious effects of a given parasite load (tolerance) affects the evolution of parasite virulence. Consistently with earlier models, we find that increases in host resistance and tolerance both favour more virulent parasite strains. However, we show that qualitatively different results can be obtained if dimorphism between the sexes occurs through resistance or through tolerance depending on the contact pattern between the sexes. Finally, we find that variations in host sex ratio can amplify the consequences of heterogeneity for parasite evolution. These results are analysed in the light of several examples from the literature to illustrate the prevalence of sexually dimorphic immune responses and the potential for further study of the role of sexual dimorphism on parasite evolution. Such studies are likely to be highly relevant for improving treatment of chronic infections and control of infectious diseases, and understanding the role of sex in immune function.