ONLINE RAINFALL ATLAS OF HAWAI'I
ONLINE RAINFALL ATLAS OF HAWAI'I
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DOI：
10.1175/bams-d-11-00228.1
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发表时间：
2013-03-01
影响因子：
8
通讯作者：
Delparte, Donna M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Giambelluca, Thomas W.;Chen, Qi;Delparte, Donna M.
方法。为新的夏威夷降雨图集编制的每月降雨量数据库包括 1,067 个站点，其中包含 1874 年至 2007 年期间的 517,017 个站点月（43,085 个站点年）数据。在 19 世纪和 20 世纪初期，在任何特定时间运营的车站数量都在增加，在 1968 年达到 1,030 个车站的峰值，近几十年来有所下降，目前仅剩 340 个车站。为了最大限度地利用可用信息，使用 JK Eischeid 及其同事开发的技术来填补数据空白，以创建连续完整的国家每日时间序列。为了测试间隙填充的结果，这些方法还用于通过实际观测来估计每个站点几个月的降雨量，从而可以计算每个站点月份的偏差和均方根误差（RMSE）统计数据。根据这些误差统计，总共删除了 69 个站月。还通过检查频率分布尾部是否存在异常变化来测试填充数据，结果删除了 1,014 个站月。填补了记录中缺失的月份以及车站运行期间之前和之后的时间。出于降雨图集的目的，以 1978 年至 2007 年为基期，并对时间降雨趋势进行持续分析，对 1920 年至 2007 年期间尽可能多的站点进行了填补。填补时间序列中的空白极大地提高了给定时间段的空间覆盖范围（图 4）。即使有1000多个站点，许多偏远地区也缺乏足够的覆盖范围。为了解决这个问题，根据 J. Price 等人的工作中确定的自然植被模式，在偏远地区的“虚拟雨量计”站点估算了点降雨量。虽然基于植被的估计的不确定性高于真实雨量计的不确定性，但这些估计有助于提高几个数据稀疏地区的地图准确性。间隙填充方法、测试和虚拟雨量计估计的详细信息在降雨量下给出
METHODS. The monthly rainfall database compiled for the new Rainfall Atlas of Hawai ‘i includes 1,067 stations, with 517,017 station-months (43,085 station-years) of data over the period 1874–2007. The number of stations operating at any given time increased during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, reached a peak of 1,030 stations in 1968, declined in recent decades, and now stands at only 340 stations. To maximize the available information, data gaps were filled using techniques developed by JK Eischeid and colleagues for creating serially complete, national daily time series. To test the results of the gap filling, these methods were also used to estimate rainfall at each station for months with actual observations, allowing bias and root mean square error (RMSE) statistics to be calculated for each station-month. On the basis of these error statistics, a total of 69 station-months were removed. Filled data were also tested by examining the tails of the frequency distributions for unusual changes, resulting in the removal of 1,014 station-months. Filling was done for missing months within a record and for periods before and after a station’s period of operation. For the purposes of the Rainfall Atlas, with a base period of 1978–2007, and ongoing analysis of temporal rainfall trends, gap filling was done for as many stations as possible for the period 1920–2007. Filling gaps in the time series greatly improves the spatial coverage for a given time period (Fig. 4). Even with more than 1,000 stations, many remote areas lack sufficient coverage. To address this, point rainfall was estimated at “virtual rain gauge” sites in remote areas based on patterns of natural vegetation identified in the work of J. Price et al. While uncertainty is higher for vegetation-based estimates than for real rain gauges, these estimates helped improve map accuracy in several data-sparse areas. Details of gap-filling methods, testing, and virtual rain gauge estimates are given under the Rainfall