Modelling intrusions through quiescent and moving ambients

Modelling intrusions through quiescent and moving ambients
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通过静态和移动环境对入侵进行建模

DOI:
10.1017/jfm.2015.180
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发表时间:
2015
影响因子:
3.7
通讯作者:
Johnson C
Johnson C
中科院分区:
工程技术2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Johnson C

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火山爆发通常会产生充满灰尘的漂浮羽状物,这些羽状物穿过分层的大气层上升。在达到中性浮力的水平时,这些羽流停止上升,并过渡到水平扩展的侵入体。这种侵入体广泛发生在密度分层的流体环境中,在本文中,我们开发了一个浅层模型,管理他们的运动。我们将这个动力学模型耦合到粒子传输和沉积模型,以预测火山侵入体内灰随时间的分布和福尔斯向地面降落的灰通量。在原本平静的大气中,入侵物轴对称地传播。我们发现,先前确定的浮力惯性缩放连续供应轴对称入侵没有实现的控制方程的解决方案。通过计算我们的模型的渐近解,我们表明,流量是不自相似的,而是时间依赖性,只有在一个狭窄的区域在前面的入侵。这种非自相似行为导致入侵半径随时间增长。在环境风的存在下,侵入体不是轴对称的。相反,它们主要向下游平流,同时由于持续的浮力横向扩散并垂直变薄。我们发现,靠近源,这种横向扩展是在浮力惯性制度,而远顺风,水平浮力驱动的蔓延是由阻力平衡。我们的研究结果强调了浮力驱动的扩散的重要作用,即使在很大的距离从源头,在形成流动的薄的水平延伸的火山灰层,形成在大气中的火山爆发的结果。
Volcanic eruptions commonly produce buoyant ash-laden plumes that rise through the stratified atmosphere. On reaching their level of neutral buoyancy, these plumes cease rising and transition to horizontally spreading intrusions. Such intrusions occur widely in density-stratified fluid environments, and in this paper we develop a shallow-layer model that governs their motion. We couple this dynamical model to a model for particle transport and sedimentation, to predict both the time-dependent distribution of ash within volcanic intrusions and the flux of ash that falls towards the ground. In an otherwise quiescent atmosphere, the intrusions spread axisymmetrically. We find that the buoyancy-inertial scalings previously identified for continuously supplied axisymmetric intrusions are not realised by solutions of the governing equations. By calculating asymptotic solutions to our model we show that the flow is not self-similar, but is instead time-dependent only in a narrow region at the front of the intrusion. This non-self-similar behaviour results in the radius of the intrusion growing with time . In the presence of an ambient wind, intrusions are not axisymmetric. Instead, they are predominantly advected downstream, while at the same time spreading laterally and thinning vertically due to persistent buoyancy forces. We show that close to the source, this lateral spreading is in a buoyancy-inertial regime, whereas far downwind, the horizontal buoyancy forces that drive the spreading are balanced by drag. Our results emphasise the important role of buoyancy-driven spreading, even at large distances from the source, in the formation of the flowing thin horizontally extensive layers of ash that form in the atmosphere as a result of volcanic eruptions.
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