Long-baseline horizontal radio-frequency transmission through polar ice
Long-baseline horizontal radio-frequency transmission through polar ice
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穿过极地冰的长基线水平射频传输
DOI：
10.1088/1475-7516/2020/12/009
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
6.4
通讯作者：
Clay, W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Allison, P.;Archambault, S.;Beatty, J.J.;Besson, D.Z.;Chen, C.C.;Chen, C.H.;Chen, P.;Christenson, A.;Clark, B.A.;Clay, W.
我们报告了对在 1-5 公里水平基线上接收到的 Englacial 射频 (RF) 脉冲发生器数据的分析，这些数据基于部署在南极深度达 1500 米的两组发射器的广播。首先，我们分析了使用冰面以下 1400 米处的两个 RF 双锥发射器收集的数据，并将这些数据冻结到 2011 年 IceCube 实验钻探的钻孔中。此外，2018 年 12 月，由三个高压（Script O (1 kV)）、快速（Script O（1-5 ns 上升时间））信号发生器之一馈送的胖偶极子天线被放入钻探的 1700 米深的冰洞中用于南极冰芯实验 (SPICE)，距地理南极约 3 公里。来自发射器的信号被记录在五个 englacial 多接收器 ARA 站上，接收器深度在 60-200 m 之间。通过对深部发射机数据的分析，我们估计：i）我们测量允许的南极冰的折射率分布范围，ii）由于双折射，水平传播信号的垂直极化与水平极化信号（每公里）的到达时间之间的时间差，以及iii）首次水平传播（而不是从基岩垂直反射）射频范围内的电磁信号的衰减长度。我们还提供了表明异常冰传播效应的数据，这与对具有平滑变化的折射率分布的传输介质的预期相反。我们的结果表明，由于折射率的不确定性，整个中微子探测体积的不确定性可以忽略不计。我们的双折射时差测量符合函数形式 δ t (H− V)[ns/km]= acosθ+ b，其中 H/V 为水平/垂直极化电磁信号分量的信号到达时间，θ 为信号传播方向与当地冰流方向之间水平面的张角，得出 a= 8.3±1.3 ns/km，b=-8.6±0.9 ns/km（误差）结合统计和系统），允许未来测量冰内中微子相互作用的~15%的范围估计。最后，我们发现衰减长度值聚集在 1.5 km 左右，双锥发射机的测量结果为 L atten= 1.43±0.25±0.37 km。总而言之，这些测量结果支持冷极地冰作为超高能中微子探测器的近乎最佳平台。
We report on analysis of englacial radio-frequency (RF) pulser data received over horizontal baselines of 1–5 km, based on broadcasts from two sets of transmitters deployed to depths of up to 1500 meters at the South Pole. First, we analyze data collected using two RF bicone transmitters 1400 meters below the ice surface, and frozen into boreholes drilled for the IceCube experiment in 2011. Additionally, in Dec., 2018, a fat-dipole antenna, fed by one of three high-voltage (Script O (1 kV)), fast (Script O (1-5 ns risetime)) signal generators was lowered into the 1700-m deep icehole drilled for the South Pole Ice Core Experiment (SPICE), approximately 3 km from the geographic South Pole. Signals from transmitters were recorded on the five englacial multi-receiver ARA stations, with receiver depths between 60–200 m. From analysis of deep transmitter data, we estimate: i) the range of refractive index profiles of Antarctic ice with depth allowed by our measurements, ii) due to birefringence, a time difference between arrival times for vertically polarized vs. horizontally polarized signals (per km) for horizontally propagating signal, and iii) for the first time, the attenuation length for electromagnetic signals in the radio-frequency regime broadcast horizontally (rather than reflected vertically from bedrock). We additionally present data suggesting anomalous ice propagation effects, and contrary to expectations for a transport medium with a smoothly varying refractive index profile. Our results imply negligible uncertainty in overall neutrino detection volume due to refractive index uncertainties. Our birefringence time-difference measurements are fit to the functional form δ t (H− V)[ns/km]= acosθ+ b, with H/V the signal arrival times for the horizontally/vertically polarized EM signal components, and θ the opening angle in the horizontal plane between the signal propagation direction and the local ice flow direction, extracting a= 8.3±1.3 ns/km, and b=-8.6±0.9 ns/km (errors combined statistical and systematic), allowing a∼ 15% range estimate for future measurements of in-ice neutrino interactions. Finally, we find attenuation length values clustering around 1.5 km, with measurements from the bicone transmitters yielding L atten= 1.43±0.25±0.37 km. Taken together, these measurements support cold polar ice as a near-optimal platform for ultra-high energy neutrino detectors.
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影响因子：
3.5
作者：
D. Besson;R. Keast;R. Velasco
通讯作者：
D. Besson;R. Keast;R. Velasco
影响因子：
3.4
作者：
Fitzpatrick, Joan J.;Voigt, Donald E.;Mcconnell, Joseph R.
通讯作者：
Mcconnell, Joseph R.
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
A. Gorham;P. Allison;S. Barwick;J. Beatty;D. Besson;W. Binns;C. Chen;P. Chen;J. Clem;A. Connolly;P. Dowkontt;M. DuVernois;R. Field;D. Goldstein;A. Goodhue;C. Hast;C. Hebert;S. Hoover;M. Israel;J. Kowalski;J. Learned;K. Liewer;J. Link;E. Lusczek;S. Matsuno;B. Mercurio;C. Miki;P. Miočinović;J. Nam;C. Naudet;R. Nichol;K. Palladino;K. Reil;A. Romero-Wolf;M. Rosen;L. Ruckman;D. Saltzberg;D. Seckel;G. Varner;D. Walz;Y. Wang;F. W. U. Hawaii;UC Irvine;Ohio state Univ.;U. Kansas;Washington University in St. Louis;Slac;U. Delaware;University College London;UK.;Ucla;U. Minnesota;Nasajpl;National Taiwan Univ.;Taipei;NASAGoddard.
通讯作者：
A. Gorham;P. Allison;S. Barwick;J. Beatty;D. Besson;W. Binns;C. Chen;P. Chen;J. Clem;A. Connolly;P. Dowkontt;M. DuVernois;R. Field;D. Goldstein;A. Goodhue;C. Hast;C. Hebert;S. Hoover;M. Israel;J. Kowalski;J. Learned;K. Liewer;J. Link;E. Lusczek;S. Matsuno;B. Mercurio;C. Miki;P. Miočinović;J. Nam;C. Naudet;R. Nichol;K. Palladino;K. Reil;A. Romero-Wolf;M. Rosen;L. Ruckman;D. Saltzberg;D. Seckel;G. Varner;D. Walz;Y. Wang;F. W. U. Hawaii;UC Irvine;Ohio state Univ.;U. Kansas;Washington University in St. Louis;Slac;U. Delaware;University College London;UK.;Ucla;U. Minnesota;Nasajpl;National Taiwan Univ.;Taipei;NASAGoddard.
使用 RICE 探测器对南极冰原进行原位折射率测量
影响因子：
3.4
作者：
I. Kravchenko;D. Besson;J. Meyers
通讯作者：
J. Meyers
影响因子：
3.4
作者：
Fujita, Shuji;Maeno, Hideo;Matsuoka, Kenichi
通讯作者：
Matsuoka, Kenichi