Mechanisms of Silver Nanoparticle Release, Transformation and Toxicity: A Critical Review of Current Knowledge and Recommendations for Future Studies and Applications.
Mechanisms of Silver Nanoparticle Release, Transformation and Toxicity: A Critical Review of Current Knowledge and Recommendations for Future Studies and Applications.
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DOI：
10.3390/ma6062295
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发表时间：
2013-06-05
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Lynch I
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Reidy B;Haase A;Luch A;Dawson KA;Lynch I
纳米银由于其较小的粒径和巨大的比表面积，比同等的散装材料有利于更快速地溶解离子；可能导致纳米银的毒性增加。再加上它们吸附生物分子并与生物受体相互作用的能力，意味着纳米颗粒可以到达亚细胞位置，一旦这些颗粒开始原位溶解或降解，就会产生潜在更高的局部离子浓度。让事情变得更加复杂的是纳米粒子能够产生活性氧，与蛋白质、酶和 DNA 等生物分子相互作用，并可能扰乱其功能。与溶解的银物质相比，纳米颗粒的尺寸、形状、表面涂层和许多其他因素促成了这些相互作用，并且颗粒本身正在进化或老化，导致银纳米颗粒的相互作用机制和作用模式的阐明变得更加复杂。本综述旨在对当前对银纳米颗粒毒性的理解进行批判性评估，并为未来研究的实验设计提供一套指导和指南，以评估银纳米颗粒的环境和生物影响。尤其;将来我们需要对纳米颗粒进行详细描述；其合成路线和稳定机制；他们的涂层；以及在测定的暴露条件下的进化和老化。这将允许比较来自不同粒子的数据；不同的环境或生物系统；以及结构-活性或结构-性质关系作为预测毒理学的基础。根据现有数据；这种比较或预测是困难的；由于无法获得表征和时间分辨数据；并观察到银纳米粒子在不同条件下的溶解和老化的充分了解。人们对纳米银的过度使用以及细菌产生耐药性的可能性产生了明显的担忧。一个重要的结论包括需要对所有应用进行风险效益分析，并最终限制无法证明明显效益的用途。
Nanosilver, due to its small particle size and enormous specific surface area, facilitates more rapid dissolution of ions than the equivalent bulk material; potentially leading to increased toxicity of nanosilver. This, coupled with their capacity to adsorb biomolecules and interact with biological receptors can mean that nanoparticles can reach sub-cellular locations leading to potentially higher localized concentrations of ions once those particles start to dissolve or degrade in situ. Further complicating the story is the capacity for nanoparticles to generate reactive oxygen species, and to interact with, and potentially disturb the functioning of biomolecules such as proteins, enzymes and DNA. The fact that the nanoparticle size, shape, surface coating and a host of other factors contribute to these interactions, and that the particles themselves are evolving or ageing leads to further complications in terms of elucidating mechanisms of interaction and modes of action for silver nanoparticles, in contrast to dissolved silver species. This review aims to provide a critical assessment of the current understanding of silver nanoparticle toxicity, as well as to provide a set of pointers and guidelines for experimental design of future studies to assess the environmental and biological impacts of silver nanoparticles. In particular; in future we require a detailed description of the nanoparticles; their synthesis route and stabilisation mechanisms; their coating; and evolution and ageing under the exposure conditions of the assay. This would allow for comparison of data from different particles; different environmental or biological systems; and structure-activity or structure-property relationships to emerge as the basis for predictive toxicology. On the basis of currently available data; such comparisons or predictions are difficult; as the characterisation and time-resolved data is not available; and a full understanding of silver nanoparticle dissolution and ageing under different conditions is observed. Clear concerns are emerging regarding the overuse of nanosilver and the potential for bacterial resistance to develop. A significant conclusion includes the need for a risk—benefit analysis for all applications and eventually restrictions of the uses where a clear benefit cannot be demonstrated.