HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF NORM IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY
HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF NORM IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY
复制标题
石油和天然气行业规范的处理和处置
DOI：
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发表时间：
1999
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
T. Strand
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
T. Strand
石油和天然气生产中天然存在的放射性物质（NORM）包括管道和不同类型的上部设备中的坚硬和多孔沉积物（水垢或污泥）以及从天然气中提取的液体冷凝物。鳞片和污泥中226 Ra和228 Ra的活性浓度覆盖范围广；从土壤和岩石中的正常水平（低于 1 Bq/g）到超过 1000 Bq/g。一般来说，多孔沉积物和污泥中的活性浓度低于水垢中的活性浓度。 210 Pb 的活性浓度在硬沉积物中相对较低，但在污泥和天然气生产中发现的非常薄的层中可能达到数千 Bq/g 的水平。由于管材和不同类型的上部设备的现场和场外净化，产生了大量超过 10 Bq/g 226 Ra 和 228 Ra 豁免水平的 NORM 废物。当出现以下情况时，现场净化是首选
Naturally occurring radioactive materials, NORM, in oil and gas production includes hard and porous deposits (scales or sludges) in tubulars and different types of topside equipment as well as condensates extracted as liquids from natural gas. The activity concentrations of 226 Ra and 228 Ra in scales and sludges covers a broad range; from normal levels in soils and rocks (less than 1 Bq/g) up to more than 1000 Bq/g. Generally, the activity concentrations are lower in porous deposits and sludges than in scales. The activity concentration of 210 Pb is relatively low in hard deposits but may reach levels of thousands of Bq/g in sludges and in the very thin layers found in gas production. Huge amounts of NORM waste exceeding the exemption level of 10 Bq/g of 226 Ra and 228 Ra are generated as a result of both onsite and offsite decontamination of tubulars and different types of topside equipment. Onsite decontamination is the preferred option when