POPULATION STUDIES - ANIMAL ECOLOGY AND DEMOGRAPHY - CONCLUDING REMARKS
POPULATION STUDIES - ANIMAL ECOLOGY AND DEMOGRAPHY - CONCLUDING REMARKS
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DOI：
10.1101/sqb.1957.022.01.039
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发表时间：
1957-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
HUTCHINSON, GE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
HUTCHINSON, GE
动物生态学的争议性部分是由于研究者利益的差异，部分是由于语义问题。本文试图对生态位的概念进行形式化的描述。被称为小生境空间的超空间被认为是，坐标轴定义的所有可能的环境变量的值，采取线性有序。一个物种的基本生态位是由定义物种生存条件的所有点组成的超体积。如此定义的基本生态位中的任何点都可能对应于生物体实际生活的物理生物顶空间中的许多点。两种植物的基本生态位可能相交。Volterra-Gause原理被认为是这样一种陈述，即当这种情况发生时，对应于居住在生物顶空间中的实际点集的已实现的小生境在平衡时不相交。这个原理可以通过观察来证实或证伪。在任何特定情况下，可能永远都无法收集到足够的信息来作出明确的决定。这一原则的明显例外包括各种偏离均衡的情况。竞争时间的关系，即一个物种取代另一个物种所需的时间，与环境变化的时期之间的关系显然是重要的，因为在许多情况下，竞争的方向是由不同的外部因素控制的。引入了均匀多样生物顶的概念，其中环境镶嵌的元素（例如树木，石头，灌木，林地中的原木）相对于所考虑的生物的平均自由程是小的。MacArthur用随机模型对物种的共性和稀有性进行了处理，该模型基于将空间随机划分为重叠或不重叠的元素，强烈表明，在平衡时均匀多样的生物顶中，生物顶空间和实现的生态位空间被划分为与物种相对应的不重叠元素。这种方法在考虑Volterra-Gause原理时可能比通过必然不完整的自体学研究的方法更有用。进化种群的实验研究应该有意识地扩展到调查选择是否可以有利于低生育力，推迟生殖开始和生殖后寿命长。人类的人口统计学家常常倾向于忽视一些模糊的生理和心理因素，这些因素似乎在控制动物的数量。
Part of the disputatious nature of animal ecology is due to differences in the interests of investigators and part to semantic problems. An attempt is made to give a formalization of the concept of the ecological niche. A hyperspace called niche space is considered, the coordinate axes of which define the values of all possible environmental variables, taken as linearly orderable. Fundamental niche of a species is hypervolume composed of all points defining conditions under which species can live. Any point in the fundamental niche so defined may correspond to many points in the physical biotop space in which the organism actually lives. Fundamental niches of 2 species may intersect. Volterra-Gause principle is regarded as a statement that when this happens, realized niches, corresponding to actual sets of points inhabited in biotop space, do not, at equilibrium, intersect. This principle can be verified or falsified by observation. In any given case it may never prove possible to collect enough information to provide a clear-cut decision. Apparent exceptions to the principle involve various kinds of departure from equilibrium. Relationship of competition time, on time taken by 1 species to displace another, to periods of environmental changes, is clearly important, since in many cases direction of competition is controlled by varying external factors. Concept of a homogeneously diversified biotop in which elements of the environmental mosaic (e.g. trees, stones, bushes, logs in a woodland) are small relative to mean free path of organisms under consideration, is introduced. MacArthur''s treatment of commonness and rarity of species by stochastic models based on random division of space into either overlapping or non-overlapping elements, strongly suggests that in homogeneously diversified biotops at equilibrium, biotop space and realized niche space is partitioned into non-overlapping elements corresponding to species. This approach may be more useful in considering Volterra-Gause principle than approach through inevitably incomplete autecological studies. Experimental study of evolving populations should be consciously extended to investigate whether selection can be made to favor low fecundity, delayed onset of reproduction and long post-reproductive life. Human demographers have too often tended to neglect obscure physiological and psychological factors of a kind which seem to act in controlling animal populations.