Working memory and information processing in ADHD: Evidence for directionality of effects.
Working memory and information processing in ADHD: Evidence for directionality of effects.
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DOI：
10.1037/neu0000598
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发表时间：
2020-02
期刊：
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Michael J. Kofler;Elia F Soto;Whitney D. Fosco;Lauren N Irwin;Erica L Wells;Dustin E. Sarver
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Michael J. Kofler;Elia F Soto;Whitney D. Fosco;Lauren N Irwin;Erica L Wells;Dustin E. Sarver
目的ADHD儿童在广泛的神经心理测试中表现为表现受损。然而，目前尚不清楚ADHD是否与许多神经认知缺陷有关，或者少量损害(S)是否广泛影响考试成绩。目前的研究测试了关于ADHD两种候选因果机制的相互竞争的模型预测：信息处理速度和工作记忆。方法选取有注意缺陷多动障碍(n=45)和非注意缺陷多动障碍(n=41)的86名儿童(男10.5 2，女1.5 4；女34；高加索/非西班牙裔)，完成8个完全交叉的实验任务，系统地控制工作记忆(BF₁₀=1.80×10⁹³)和信息加工速度(漂移率；BF₁₀=7.6 1×10⁶)。结果贝叶斯混合模型方差分析表明，随着工作记忆需求的增加，信息加工速度显著降低(漂移率，BF₁₀=5.82×10⁹⁶)。相反，实验性地降低儿童的信息处理速度并没有显著改变他们的工作记忆表现(BF₁₀=1.31)。注意缺陷多动障碍状态与工作记忆操作存在交互作用，即注意缺陷多动障碍组和非注意缺陷多动障碍组在仅编码条件下表现出相同的高准确率(BF₀₁=3.45)，但在高工作记忆条件下表现出显著差异(编码+回忆；BF₁₀=19.58)。然而，重要的是，注意缺陷多动障碍状态未能与(A)影响信息处理速度的工作记忆操作和(B)以不同方式影响工作记忆性能的信息处理速度操作相互作用(所有BF₀₁>；4.25)。结论自上而下的执行控制对儿童快速加工信息的能力有显著影响，但工作记忆缺陷和信息加工速度减慢似乎是ADHD的相对独立的损害。(JuncINFO数据库记录(C)2019 APA，版权所有)。
OBJECTIVE Children with ADHD demonstrate impaired performance on a wide range of neuropsychological tests. It is unclear, however, whether ADHD is associated with many neurocognitive deficits or whether a small number of impairment(s) broadly influence test performance. The current study tests competing model predictions regarding two candidate causal mechanisms in ADHD: information processing speed and working memory. METHOD A well-characterized sample of 86 children (Mage = 10.52, SDage = 1.54; 34 girls; 64% Caucasian/Non-Hispanic) with ADHD (n = 45) and without ADHD (n = 41) completed eight fully crossed experimental tasks that systematically manipulated working memory (BF₁₀ = 1.80 × 10⁹³) and information processing speed (drift rate; BF₁₀ = 7.61 × 10⁶). RESULTS Bayesian mixed-model ANOVAs indicated that increasing working memory demands produced significant reductions in information processing speed (drift rate; BF₁₀ = 5.82 × 10⁹⁶). In contrast, experimentally reducing children's information processing speed did not significantly change their working memory performance (BF₁₀ = 1.31). ADHD status interacted with the working memory manipulation, such that the ADHD and non-ADHD groups showed equivalently high accuracy under the encoding-only conditions (BF₀₁ = 3.45) but differed significantly under high working memory conditions (encoding + recall; BF₁₀ = 19.58). Importantly, however, ADHD status failed to interact with (a) the working memory manipulation to differentially affect information processing speed and (b) the information processing speed manipulation to differentially affect working memory performance (all BF₀₁ > 4.25). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that top-down executive control exerts significant effects on children's ability to quickly process information, but that working memory deficits and slowed information processing speed appear to be relatively independent impairments in ADHD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).