Understanding How Parasitoids Balance Food and Host Needs: Importance to Biological Control
Understanding How Parasitoids Balance Food and Host Needs: Importance to Biological Control
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DOI：
10.1006/bcon.1997.0588
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发表时间：
1998-02
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
W. J. Lewis;J. Stapel;A. Cortesero;K. Takasu
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
W. J. Lewis;J. Stapel;A. Cortesero;K. Takasu
摘要拟寄生蜂成虫不仅要寻找寄主进行繁殖，还要寻找食物以满足其短期的营养需求。了解拟寄生蜂的女性如何处理这两个重要的资源往往相互竞争的需求是必不可少的，了解他们的觅食策略。研究表明，目标地区的食物来源，如花蜜或蜜露的可获得性和可获得性，强烈影响寄生蜂的保留和寄主寻找效率。对于拟寄生蜂保持高的繁殖成功率，重要的是，其主机觅食过程的中断是最小的，使他们的大部分时间和精力可以分配到寻找主机。利用植物的嗅觉和视觉线索，通常通过学习来增强，有助于最大限度地减少这种干扰，并在它们寻找食物和宿主的过程中发挥重要的作用，有时甚至是相互作用。因此，植物沿着提供花和花外花蜜等食物来源以及相关的觅食信号，在植物、食草动物和寄生虫之间的三重营养相互作用中发挥着至关重要的作用。更广泛地了解三营养水平的相互作用，包括寄生虫的食物考虑，可以提高我们的能力，设计有效的生物控制策略。在此，我们讨论了如何内部状态的寄生蜂沿着他们的觅食环境的特点，可以影响他们的寻找食物的能力，从而影响他们的寄生效率。建议最大限度地提高食物发现的功效，以提高生物防治与寄生蜂。
Abstract Adult parasitoids must not only find hosts for reproductive purposes but also locate food to meet their short-term nutritional needs. A knowledge of how parasitoid females deal with the often competing needs for these two vital resources is essential for understanding their foraging strategies. Studies show that availability and accessibility of food sources, such as nectar or honeydew in a target area, strongly affect parasitoid retention and host-finding efficacy. For parasitoids to maintain high reproductive success it is important that disruption of their host foraging process is minimal so that most of their time and energy can be allocated to finding hosts. The use of olfactory and visual cues from plants, usually enhanced by learning, helps minimize this disruption and plays important and sometimes interacting roles in their searching for food and hosts. Thus, the provision of food sources such as floral and extrafloral nectar by plants along with associated foraging signals plays a crucial role in the tritrophic interplay among plants, herbivores, and parasitoids. A broader understanding of tritrophic level interactions that encompasses parasitoid food considerations can enhance our ability to design effective biological control strategies. Herein, we discuss how the internal state of parasitoids along with characteristics of their foraging environment, can influence their ability to find food and consequently affect their parasitizing efficiency. Suggestions are made for maximizing food-finding efficacy to improve biological control with parasitoids.