The city as object of human agency
The city as object of human agency
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城市作为人类能动性的对象
DOI：
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发表时间：
2003
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Rafael Heitor Bordini
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Krafta;D. Oliviera;Rafael Heitor Bordini
似乎有三种基本理论试图为城市空间过程提供解释：因果理论、形式理论和决定理论。这些术语分别指基于联系社会和空间的因果机制的理论;采取某种由社会触发的自身空间转换机制的理论;最后是将主体的交织决策作为空间变化机制的理论。因果理论，作为最古老的，显然是最粗糙的，而尖端的多智能体模拟似乎更复杂。然而，前者已经能够揭示人与空间之间的基本和稳定的关系，即使他们还没有能够解释个人实际上如何解释和使用这种关系，以自己的利益在不同的情况下。后者试图做到这一点，但很少有空间问题已被纳入代理人的决策过程。我们的观点是，城市的基本空间属性，如可达性，中心性，相对位置和极性可以包括作为推理工具，在基于代理的模型。然而，为了做到这一点，因果关系不应被视为必须遵守的法律或原则，而应被视为实现利润（和效用）的手段，受制于投机、个人解释和相对短视的决定。本文回顾了构形理论的一部分，并提出了一个模型的生产和消费的城市空间，代理人的基础上作出决定的空间基础。该模型是在一个概念的形式，其测试在计算机模拟也进行了说明。为了做到这一点，我们评论在这种模拟中使用的计算方法。我们的实验与这种基于代理的社会模拟的一些早期结果也被提到。
There seem to be three basic kinds of theories trying to provide explanations for the urban spatial process: the causal, the formal and the decisional. By these terms it is meant respectively theories based on cause-effect mechanisms linking the social and the spatial; theories that take some sort of spatial transformation mechanism of their own, which are triggered by the social; and finally theories that take agents’ intertwining decisions as the mechanism of spatial change. Causal theories, being the oldest, are apparently the crudest, whilst the cutting edge multi-agent simulations seem more elaborate. However, the former have been able to expose basic and stable relationships between man and space, even though they have not been able to explain how individuals actually interpret and use such relationships to their own interest in different situations. The latter try to do precisely that, but very little spatial matter has as yet been included in the agents’ decision-making process. Our point is that fundamental spatial attributes of the city, such as accessibility, centrality, relative position, and polarity could be included as reasoning instruments in agent-based models. In order to do that, however, cause-effect relationships should not be taken as laws or principles to be obeyed, but as means to realise profit (and utility), subject to speculation, personal interpretation and relative short sighted decisions. The paper reviews part of the configurational theory and proposes a model of production and consumption of urban space, based on agents that make decisions on a spatial basis. The model is presented in a conceptual form, and its testing in a computer simulation is also described. In order to do that, we comment on the computational approach that was used in such simulation. Some early results of our experiments with this agent-based social simulation are also mentioned.