On the Feasibility of Water Surface Mapping with Single Photon LiDAR
On the Feasibility of Water Surface Mapping with Single Photon LiDAR
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DOI：
10.3390/ijgi8040188
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发表时间：
2019-04
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
G. Mandlburger;B. Jutzi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
G. Mandlburger;B. Jutzi
与传统的多光子 LiDAR 相比，单光子敏感机载光探测和测距 (LiDAR) 可实现更高的区域性能，但代价是异常值率增加和测距精度降低。特别是单光子激光雷达，它使用的绿色激光可能能够穿透清澈的浅水。该技术专为大面积地形测绘而设计，其中也包括水面。虽然绿色激光的穿透能力通常会导致水位高度的低估，但我们特别关注单光子激光雷达是否（i）由于接收器灵敏度高而在这方面受到的影响较小，以及（ii）因此提供足够的水面回波以进行精确的高分辨率水面重建的问题。在回顾了基础传感器技术以及绿色激光与水的相互作用后，我们通过比较选定水平水面的实际单光子 LiDAR 和多光子地形测深 LiDAR 数据集的表面响应来解决该主题。单光子激光雷达的预期优越性在本研究中无法得到验证。虽然单元尺寸为 10 m 的表面模型与参考水位的平均偏差小于 5 cm，但对于单元尺寸为 1-5 m 的基于高分辨率单光子 LiDAR 的水面模型，观察到系统水位低估了 5-20 cm。基于激光雷达方程的模拟获得的理论光子数支持了实验数据评估结果，并进一步证实了在采用专门定制的飞行任务参数时基于单光子激光雷达的高分辨率水面测绘的可行性。
Single photon sensitive airborne Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) enables a higher area performance at the price of an increased outlier rate and a lower ranging accuracy compared to conventional Multi-Photon LiDAR. Single Photon LiDAR, in particular, uses green laser light potentially capable of penetrating clear shallow water. The technology is designed for large-area topographic mapping, which also includes the water surface. While the penetration capabilities of green lasers generally lead to underestimation of the water level heights, we specifically focus on the questions of whether Single Photon LiDAR (i) is less affected in this respect due to the high receiver sensitivity, and (ii) consequently delivers sufficient water surface echoes for precise high-resolution water surface reconstruction. After a review of the underlying sensor technology and the interaction of green laser light with water, we address the topic by comparing the surface responses of actual Single Photon LiDAR and Multi-Photon Topo-Bathymetric LiDAR datasets for selected horizontal water surfaces. The anticipated superiority of Single Photon LiDAR could not be verified in this study. While the mean deviations from a reference water level are less than 5 cm for surface models with a cell size of 10 m, systematic water level underestimation of 5–20 cm was observed for high-resolution Single Photon LiDAR based water surface models with cell sizes of 1–5 m. Theoretical photon counts obtained from simulations based on the laser-radar equation support the experimental data evaluation results and furthermore confirm the feasibility of Single Photon LiDAR based high-resolution water surface mapping when adopting specifically tailored flight mission parameters.