Effort-based decision making varies by smoking status.
Effort-based decision making varies by smoking status.
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基于努力的决策因吸烟状况而异。
DOI：
10.1007/s00213-019-05437-3
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Selig,JamesP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Addicott,MeridethA;Wardle,MargaretC;Selig,JamesP
基于潜在奖励的大小和概率的努力意愿的降低与多巴胺功能的减少有关，并可能与慢性药物使用有关。目的研究吸烟状况对基于努力的决策的影响。我们假设吸烟者会比戒烟者和不吸烟者做出更少的高努力选择。方法当前吸烟者（n= 25）、戒烟者（戒烟≥1年，n= 23）和从不吸烟者（n= 19）完成了奖励努力支出任务，参与者在低努力和高努力选项之间进行选择，以获得不同程度的奖励、概率和期望值的金钱奖励。结果总体而言，随着潜在奖励量和期望值的增加，参与者选择了更多的高努力选项。总体而言，吸烟者并没有做出更少的高努力选择，但与不吸烟者相比，吸烟者对幅度、概率和期望值的变化不太敏感。与戒烟者相比，吸烟者对概率和期望值的变化也不太敏感，但对幅度的变化不敏感。在吸烟者和戒烟者中，较少的尼古丁依赖与高努力选择的可能性增加有关。这些结果表明吸烟状况与基于努力的决策相关，并表明吸烟者对非药物奖励价值的敏感性降低。在戒烟者中，对奖励价值更大的预先存在的敏感性可能有助于戒烟，或者戒烟提高了敏感性。未来的前瞻性研究可以调查与努力相关的决策是否能预测开始吸烟或戒烟的成功。为实现目标而努力的意愿和对奖励价值变化的敏感性是动机的重要方面。这些结果表明，与戒烟者和不吸烟者相比，吸烟者对努力相关奖励概率和期望值变化的敏感性降低。潜在地，戒烟者对奖励的敏感度提高可能是戒烟的原因或结果。这些发现可能有助于解释为什么有些吸烟者能够长期戒烟。
RationaleA reduced willingness to perform effort based on the magnitude and probability of potential rewards has been associated with diminished dopamine function and may be relevant to chronic drug use.ObjectivesHere, we investigated the influence of smoking status on effort-based decisions. We hypothesized that smokers would make fewer high-effort selections than ex-smokers and never-smokers.MethodsCurrent smokers (n= 25), ex-smokers (≥ 1 year quit,n= 23), and never-smokers (n= 19) completed the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task in which participants select between low-effort and high-effort options to receive monetary rewards at varying levels of reward magnitude, probability and expected value.ResultsOverall, participants selected more high-effort options as potential reward magnitude and expected value increased. Smokers did not make fewer high-effort selections overall, but smokers were less sensitive to the changes in magnitude, probability, and expected value compared to never-smokers. Smokers were also less sensitive to the changes in probability and expected value, but not magnitude, compared to ex-smokers. Among smokers and ex-smokers, less nicotine dependence was associated with an increased likelihood of high-effort selections.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate the relevance of smoking status to effort-based decisions and suggest that smokers have diminished sensitivity to nondrug reward value. Among ex-smokers, greater pre-existing sensitivity to reward value may have been conducive to smoking cessation, or sensitivity was improved by smoking cessation. Future prospective studies can investigate whether effort-related decision making is predictive of smoking initiation or cessation success.ImplicationsWillingness to perform effort to achieve a goal and sensitivity to changes in reward value are important aspects of motivation. These results showed that smokers have decreased sensitivity to changes in effort-related reward probability and expected value compared to ex-smokers and never-smokers. Potentially, improved sensitivity to rewards among ex-smokers may be a cause or consequence of smoking cessation. These findings may help explain why some smokers are able to achieve long-term abstinence.