Passive monitoring techniques to evaluate environmental pesticide exposure: Results from the Infant's Environmental Health study (ISA)
Passive monitoring techniques to evaluate environmental pesticide exposure: Results from the Infant's Environmental Health study (ISA)
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envres.2020.109243
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发表时间：
2020-05-01
影响因子：
8.3
通讯作者：
van Wendel de Joode, Berna
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cordoba Gamboa, Leonel;Solano Diaz, Karla;van Wendel de Joode, Berna
背景：农业中使用的杀虫剂可能会使居住在附近的人口暴露在危险之中。哥斯达黎加是一个主要的香蕉出口国，其生产依赖于广泛的农药使用。目的：为了评价环境农药暴露，我们采用被动采样的方法，对哥斯达黎加马蒂纳县12所学校的空气和粉尘中当前使用的农药水平进行了测量。方法：选择10所学校附近和2所非附近学校，连续4个时段在每所学校的室外放置聚氨酯泡沫被动空气采样器。在其中三所学校，我们也在每个抽样期的头24小时内放置了一个活跃的空气采样器。我们通过在每所学校的内部放置一个玻璃培养皿来收集被动粉尘样本。结果：用被动式空气采样器检测到10种不同的农药：2种杀虫剂、2种杀线虫剂和6种杀菌剂，其中9种据报道用于香蕉种植园。超过一半的样本含有至少五种杀虫剂。最常见的是毒死蜱，在98%的样本中检测到，其次是杀线虫剂敌敌畏和杀菌剂嘧霉胺，这两种药物在81%的样本中都被检测到。与非邻近学校相比，附近学校的毒死蜱浓度高出五倍：平均值=18.2 ng/m(3)(范围=6.1-36.1)和平均值=3.5 ng/m(3)(范围=0.5-11.4)，学校之间的差异大于时间差异(班下相关系数=0.80)。总体而言，被动采样器和主动采样器的结果显示出相似的暴露模式；但被动采样器的中位浓度往往更高。在粉尘样品中检测到的杀菌剂最多，百菌清的检出率最高，为50%。讨论：被动空气采样是一种很有前途的技术，可以用来表征当前使用的农药的环境暴露；被动采样器的采样率、重复性和最佳采样次数还需要更多的研究。香蕉种植园附近的学校环境受到多种杀虫剂的污染，其中包括杀虫剂、杀线虫剂和杀菌剂，这令人担忧。
Background: Pesticides used in agriculture may expose populations living nearby. Costa Rica is a major banana-exporting country, its production depends on extensive pesticide use.Objectives: To evaluate environmental pesticide exposure, we measured levels of current-use pesticides in air and dust from 12 schools in Matina County, Costa Rica, with passive sampling methods.Methods: We selected ten proximal and two non-proximal schools and placed polyurethane foam passive air samplers outdoors at each school, during four consecutive periods. At three of these schools, we also placed an active air sampler during the first 24 h of each sampling period. We collected passive dust samples by placing a glass Petri Dish at the inside of each school. We subsequently performed a chemical analysis of 18 pesticides, using gas chromatography with mass detector.Results: With passive air samplers we detected ten different pesticides: two insecticides, two nematicides, and six fungicides, of which nine reported to be used on banana plantations. More than half of the samples contained at least five pesticides. Chlorpyrifos was detected most-frequently, in 98% of samples, followed by the nematicides etoprophos and the fungicide pyrimethanil that were both detected in 81% of samples. Chlorpyrifos concentrations were five times higher in proximal as compared to non-proximal schools: mean = 18.2 ng/m(3) (range = 6.1-36.1) and mean = 3.5 ng/m(3) (range = < 0.5-11.4) and varied more between schools than in time (infra-class correlation coefficient = 0.80). In general, results from passive and active samplers showed similar exposure patterns; yet median concentrations tended to be higher in passive samplers. In dust samples, mostly fungicides were detected; chlorothalonil was detected most frequently, in 50% of samples.Discussion: Passive air sampling is a promising technique to characterize environmental exposure to current-use pesticides; more studies are needed to characterize the sampling rates, reproducibility and optimum sampling times for passive samplers. School environments near banana plantations are contaminated with multiple pesticides that include insecticides, nematicides, and fungicides, which is of concern.