Diverging effects of clean versus dirty money on attitudes, values, and interpersonal behavior.
Diverging effects of clean versus dirty money on attitudes, values, and interpersonal behavior.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1037/a0030596
复制
发表时间：
2013-08
影响因子：
7.6
通讯作者：
Q. Yang;Xiaochang Wu;Xinyue Zhou;N. Mead;K. Vohs;R. Baumeister
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Q. Yang;Xiaochang Wu;Xinyue Zhou;N. Mead;K. Vohs;R. Baumeister
金钱的暗示会导致自私、贪婪、剥削行为，还是公平、交换和互惠？我们发现了这两种情况的证据，表明人们有两组有意义的关联，这可以通过接触干净的钱和肮脏的钱来不同地激活。在农贸市场的一个现场实验中，处理脏钱的小贩随后欺骗了顾客，而处理干净钱的小贩给出了公平的价格（实验1）。在经济游戏的实验室研究中，先前处理和数过脏钱的参与者倾向于自私，不公平的行为，而不像那些数过干净钱或脏纸的人，这两种行为都导致了公平和互惠。这些模式被发现与信任游戏（实验2），囚犯的困境（实验4），最后通牒游戏（实验5），和独裁者的游戏（实验6）。认知测量表明，暴露于脏钱降低道德标准（实验3）和减少对公平和互惠的积极态度（实验6-7），而暴露于干净的钱有相反的效果。因此，人们显然对金钱有两种相互矛盾的关联（包括行为倾向），而金钱是人类社会生活和文化组织中复杂、强大和普遍存在的方面。
Does the cue of money lead to selfish, greedy, exploitative behaviors or to fairness, exchange, and reciprocity? We found evidence for both, suggesting that people have both sets of meaningful associations, which can be differentially activated by exposure to clean versus dirty money. In a field experiment at a farmers' market, vendors who handled dirty money subsequently cheated customers, whereas those who handled clean money gave fair value (Experiment 1). In laboratory studies with economic games, participants who had previously handled and counted dirty money tended toward selfish, unfair practices-unlike those who had counted clean money or dirty paper, both of which led to fairness and reciprocity. These patterns were found with the trust game (Experiment 2), the prisoner's dilemma (Experiment 4), the ultimatum game (Experiment 5), and the dictator game (Experiment 6). Cognitive measures indicated that exposure to dirty money lowered moral standards (Experiment 3) and reduced positive attitudes toward fairness and reciprocity (Experiments 6-7), whereas exposure to clean money had the opposite effects. Thus, people apparently have 2 contradictory sets of associations (including behavioral tendencies) to money, which is a complex, powerful, and ubiquitous aspect of human social life and cultural organization.