Beaked whales respond to simulated and actual navy sonar.
Beaked whales respond to simulated and actual navy sonar.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0017009
复制
发表时间：
2011-03-14
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Boyd IL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Tyack PL;Zimmer WM;Moretti D;Southall BL;Claridge DE;Durban JW;Clark CW;D'Amico A;DiMarzio N;Jarvis S;McCarthy E;Morrissey R;Ward J;Boyd IL
在一些海军声纳演习中，突吻鲸大量搁浅，但原因不明。它们很难被看到，但可以通过倾听深潜觅食时产生的回声定位声来可靠地检测到。我们在巴哈马群岛的安德罗斯岛附近的一个海军水下靶场记录了布兰维尔的喙鲸，密吻中齿鲸。一组安装在底部的水听器可以在喙鲸点击范围内的任何地方时检测到它们。我们使用了两种互补的方法来研究喙鲸对声纳的行为反应：一种机会主义的方法，监测鲸鱼对涉及战术中频声纳的多日海军演习的反应，以及一种实验方法，使用模拟声纳和控制声音的回放来标记鲸鱼，该设备记录声音，运动和方向。在这里，我们表明，在这两个曝光条件喙鲸停止回声定位在深觅食潜水和搬走。在实际的声纳演习中，喙鲸主要是在距离声纳传输平均16公里的范围内发现的。一旦活动停止，喙鲸在2-3天内逐渐填充到范围的中心。一只被卫星标记的鲸鱼在一次演习中移出了范围，在演习后2-3天返回。实验方法使用标签来测量喙鲸对模拟军用声纳、虎鲸叫声和限带噪声的一种受控暴露的声学暴露和行为反应。突吻鲸在声压级低于142 dB re 1 µPa时对这三种声音回放的反应是停止回声定位，然后从觅食潜水中异常漫长而缓慢地上升。综合结果表明，在两种不同的情况下，喙鲸的觅食行为和回避类似的中断，暴露远低于监管机构用来定义干扰。
Beaked whales have mass stranded during some naval sonar exercises, but the cause is unknown. They are difficult to sight but can reliably be detected by listening for echolocation clicks produced during deep foraging dives. Listening for these clicks, we documented Blainville's beaked whales, Mesoplodon densirostris, in a naval underwater range where sonars are in regular use near Andros Island, Bahamas. An array of bottom-mounted hydrophones can detect beaked whales when they click anywhere within the range. We used two complementary methods to investigate behavioral responses of beaked whales to sonar: an opportunistic approach that monitored whale responses to multi-day naval exercises involving tactical mid-frequency sonars, and an experimental approach using playbacks of simulated sonar and control sounds to whales tagged with a device that records sound, movement, and orientation. Here we show that in both exposure conditions beaked whales stopped echolocating during deep foraging dives and moved away. During actual sonar exercises, beaked whales were primarily detected near the periphery of the range, on average 16 km away from the sonar transmissions. Once the exercise stopped, beaked whales gradually filled in the center of the range over 2–3 days. A satellite tagged whale moved outside the range during an exercise, returning over 2–3 days post-exercise. The experimental approach used tags to measure acoustic exposure and behavioral reactions of beaked whales to one controlled exposure each of simulated military sonar, killer whale calls, and band-limited noise. The beaked whales reacted to these three sound playbacks at sound pressure levels below 142 dB re 1 µPa by stopping echolocation followed by unusually long and slow ascents from their foraging dives. The combined results indicate similar disruption of foraging behavior and avoidance by beaked whales in the two different contexts, at exposures well below those used by regulators to define disturbance.