To Mask or Not to Mask? Balancing Privacy with Visual Confirmation Utility in Activity-Oriented Wearable Cameras.
To Mask or Not to Mask? Balancing Privacy with Visual Confirmation Utility in Activity-Oriented Wearable Cameras.
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DOI：
10.1145/3351230
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发表时间：
2019-09-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Alshurafa, Nabil
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Alharbi, Rawan;Tolba, Mariam;Alshurafa, Nabil
面向活动的摄像机越来越多地用于在现实世界中提供特定手部相关活动的视觉确认。然而，最近的研究表明，旁观者的隐私问题限制了参与者佩戴相机的意愿。研究人员已经研究了不同的图像模糊方法作为增强旁观者隐私的方法;然而，这些方法可能对图像的视觉确认效用有不同的影响，我们将其定义为人类观众解释图像中佩戴者活动的能力。需要视觉确认实用程序来注释和验证几个基于行为的应用程序的手相关活动，特别是在需要人在循环方法中进行标记的情况下（例如，注释还不能自动检测的手势）。我们提出了一种新类型的混淆，面向活动的部分混淆，作为一种方法的贡献，有兴趣在野外获得视觉确认的手相关的活动的研究人员。我们通过收集10个不同的和现实的视频场景，涉及佩戴者进行手相关的活动，而旁观者进行的活动，如果记录可能会受到关注，这种方法的效果进行了测试。然后，我们进行了一个在线实验，367名参与者，以评估不同程度的模糊对旁观者隐私和视觉确认效用的影响。我们的研究结果表明，面向活动的部分模糊（1）保持佩戴者的手部相关活动的视觉确认，特别是当手中有物体时，甚至当应用极端过滤器时，同时（2）显着减少旁观者的担忧并增强旁观者的隐私。通过我们的分析，我们进一步讨论了面向活动的部分混淆中使用的过滤器方法对旁观者隐私和关注的影响。
Activity-oriented cameras are increasingly being used to provide visual confirmation of specific hand-related activities in real-world settings. However, recent studies have shown that bystander privacy concerns limit participant willingness to wear a camera. Researchers have investigated different image obfuscation methods as an approach to enhance bystander privacy; however, these methods may have varying effects on the visual confirmation utility of the image, which we define as the ability of a human viewer to interpret the activity of the wearer in the image. Visual confirmation utility is needed to annotate and validate hand-related activities for several behavioral-based applications, particularly in cases where a human in the loop method is needed to label (e.g., annotating gestures that cannot be automatically detected yet). We propose a new type of obfuscation, activity-oriented partial obfuscation, as a methodological contribution to researchers interested in obtaining visual confirmation of hand-related activities in the wild. We tested the effects of this approach by collecting ten diverse and realistic video scenarios that involved the wearer performing hand-related activities while bystanders performed activities that could be of concern if recorded. Then we conducted an online experiment with 367 participants to evaluate the effect of varying degrees of obfuscation on bystander privacy and visual confirmation utility. Our results show that activity-oriented partial obfuscation (1) maintains visual confirmation of the wearer's hand-related activity, especially when an object is present in the hand, and even when extreme filters are applied, while (2) significantly reducing bystander concerns and enhancing bystander privacy. Informed by our analysis, we further discuss the impact of the filter method used in activity-oriented partial obfuscation on bystander privacy and concerns.