Sleep state dependence of ventilatory long-term facilitation following acute intermittent hypoxia in Lewis rats.
Sleep state dependence of ventilatory long-term facilitation following acute intermittent hypoxia in Lewis rats.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1152/japplphysiol.90778.2008
复制
发表时间：
2010-08
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
A. Nakamura;E. B. Olson;J. Terada;J. Wenninger;G. Bisgard;Gordon S. Mitchell
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Nakamura;E. B. Olson;J. Terada;J. Wenninger;G. Bisgard;Gordon S. Mitchell
通气长时程易化（vLTF）是急性间歇性缺氧（AIH）诱导的呼吸可塑性的一种形式。虽然vLTF已在未麻醉的动物中报道，但关于警觉状态对vLTF表达的影响知之甚少。我们假设AIH诱导的vLTF在睡眠与清醒的雄性刘易斯大鼠中优先表达。在AIH之前、期间和之后，在未麻醉的大鼠中通过长期植入EEG和颈EMG电极来评估警觉状态，同时通过体积描记法测量潮气量、频率、每分钟通气量（Ve）和CO（2）产生（5次5分钟的10.5%O（2）发作，间隔5分钟常氧间隔），急性持续缺氧（25分钟的10.5%O（2）），或不缺氧的假方案。警戒状态分为安静觉醒（QW）、轻度和深度非快速眼动（NREM）睡眠（分别为l-NREM和d-NREM睡眠）或快速眼动睡眠。在相同的警戒状态下，将通气变量标准化为治疗前基线值。在d-NREM睡眠期间，观察到vLTF作为AIH后Ve的进行性增加（AIH后30-60分钟，平均27 +或-5%）。在AIH后30-60分钟，在d-NREM睡眠期间，Ve/Vco（2）（36 +或-2%），潮气量（14 +或-2%）和频率（7 +或-2%）增加。vLTF在l-NREM睡眠期间是显著的，但不太稳健，在QW期间是最小的，并且在任何警戒状态下在急性持续缺氧或假方案之后没有观察到。因此，vLTF在未麻醉的刘易斯大鼠中具有状态依赖性和模式敏感性，在d-NREM睡眠期间具有最大的作用。虽然vLTF的生理意义尚不清楚，但其对睡眠控制的最大意义最有可能是在睡眠期间。
Ventilatory long-term facilitation (vLTF) is a form of respiratory plasticity induced by acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH). Although vLTF has been reported in unanesthetized animals, little is known concerning the effects of vigilance state on vLTF expression. We hypothesized that AIH-induced vLTF is preferentially expressed in sleeping vs. awake male Lewis rats. Vigilance state was assessed in unanesthetized rats with chronically implanted EEG and nuchal EMG electrodes, while tidal volume, frequency, minute ventilation (Ve), and CO(2) production were measured via plethysmography, before, during, and after AIH (five 5-min episodes of 10.5% O(2) separated by 5-min normoxic intervals), acute sustained hypoxia (25 min of 10.5% O(2)), or a sham protocol without hypoxia. Vigilance state was classified as quiet wakefulness (QW), light and deep non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep (l-NREM and d-NREM sleep, respectively), or rapid eye movement sleep. Ventilatory variables were normalized to pretreatment baseline values in the same vigilance state. During d-NREM sleep, vLTF was observed as a progressive increase in Ve post-AIH (27 + or - 5% average, 30-60 min post-AIH). In association, Ve/Vco(2) (36 + or - 2%), tidal volume (14 + or - 2%), and frequency (7 + or - 2%) were increased 30-60 min post-AIH during d-NREM sleep. vLTF was significant but less robust during l-NREM sleep, was minimal during QW, and was not observed following acute sustained hypoxia or sham protocols in any vigilance state. Thus, vLTF is state-dependent and pattern-sensitive in unanesthetized Lewis rats, with the greatest effects during d-NREM sleep. Although the physiological significance of vLTF is not clear, its greatest significance to ventilatory control is most likely during sleep.