Health and climate related ecosystem services provided by street trees in the urban environment.
Health and climate related ecosystem services provided by street trees in the urban environment.
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DOI：
10.1186/s12940-016-0103-6
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发表时间：
2016-03-08
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Wheeler BW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Salmond JA;Tadaki M;Vardoulakis S;Arbuthnott K;Coutts A;Demuzere M;Dirks KN;Heaviside C;Lim S;Macintyre H;McInnes RN;Wheeler BW
目前正在积极推广城市植树举措，将其作为一种规划工具，使城市地区能够适应和减缓气候变化，增强城市可持续性，并改善人类健康和福祉。然而，在城市内创造新的绿色空间的机会往往有限，植树活动可能局限于路边位置。在这种规模下，树木对人类健康和当地环境的净影响不太清楚，评估其影响的一般方法也没有得到很好的发展。在这篇综述中，我们使用一个城市生态系统服务框架，以评估直接的，本地产生的，生态系统的服务和损害提供的行道树。我们集中检讨对人类健康和福祉极为重要的服务，包括“气候调节”、“空气质素调节”和“美学及文化服务”。这些主题通常用于证明新的行道树或保留行道树的倡议。我们认为，目前的科学认识对人类健康和城市环境的影响，主要是区域规模的还原论的方法，考虑植被一般和/或单独的服务或影响，而不考虑更广泛的协同作用，行道树对城市生态系统的影响是有限的。这可能导致规划者和政策制定者根据单一参数优化战略进行决策，当单一干预措施产生不同结果并在不同地方产生多种影响和潜在权衡时，这可能会产生问题。我们建议，需要一个整体的方法来评估在不同尺度的行道树提供的服务和损害。我们提供的信息，以指导决策者和规划者在他们的尝试，以评估植被在当地环境的价值。我们表明，通过确保干预的具体目标，所需生物物理效应的规模和对一系列影响的认识指导i）树种，ii）位置和iii）树木放置密度的选择，行道树可以成为城市规划者和设计师在气候变化时代发展弹性和资源丰富的城市的重要工具。本文的在线版本（doi：10.1186/s12940-016-0103-6）包含补充材料，可供授权用户使用。
Urban tree planting initiatives are being actively promoted as a planning tool to enable urban areas to adapt to and mitigate against climate change, enhance urban sustainability and improve human health and well-being. However, opportunities for creating new areas of green space within cities are often limited and tree planting initiatives may be constrained to kerbside locations. At this scale, the net impact of trees on human health and the local environment is less clear, and generalised approaches for evaluating their impact are not well developed. In this review, we use an urban ecosystems services framework to evaluate the direct, and locally-generated, ecosystems services and disservices provided by street trees. We focus our review on the services of major importance to human health and well-being which include ‘climate regulation’, ‘air quality regulation’ and ‘aesthetics and cultural services’. These are themes that are commonly used to justify new street tree or street tree retention initiatives. We argue that current scientific understanding of the impact of street trees on human health and the urban environment has been limited by predominantly regional-scale reductionist approaches which consider vegetation generally and/or single out individual services or impacts without considering the wider synergistic impacts of street trees on urban ecosystems. This can lead planners and policymakers towards decision making based on single parameter optimisation strategies which may be problematic when a single intervention offers different outcomes and has multiple effects and potential trade-offs in different places. We suggest that a holistic approach is required to evaluate the services and disservices provided by street trees at different scales. We provide information to guide decision makers and planners in their attempts to evaluate the value of vegetation in their local setting. We show that by ensuring that the specific aim of the intervention, the scale of the desired biophysical effect and an awareness of a range of impacts guide the choice of i) tree species, ii) location and iii) density of tree placement, street trees can be an important tool for urban planners and designers in developing resilient and resourceful cities in an era of climatic change. The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12940-016-0103-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.