Understanding the positive and negative effects of emotional expressions in organizations: EASI does it
Understanding the positive and negative effects of emotional expressions in organizations: EASI does it
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DOI：
10.1177/0018726713510329
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发表时间：
2014-02
期刊：
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Gerben A. van Kleef
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Gerben A. van Kleef
情绪对组织行为有着普遍的影响。它们不仅影响人们自己的行为；当情绪被表达出来时，也会对感知到这种表达的其他组织成员产生影响。有时情绪表达具有“对称”效果，积极的表达会给表达者带来有利的结果，而消极的表达则会产生不利的结果。在其他情况下，影响是“不对称的”，比如消极的情绪表达会给表达者带来有益的结果，而积极的表达会产生有害的结果。根据情绪作为社会信息（EASI）理论，我对愤怒和快乐的表达何时以及如何产生对称与不对称效果进行了理论分析。为了支持我的分析，我回顾了一项关于谈判和领导中愤怒和快乐对人际关系影响的实证研究。结果表明：(1)愤怒和快乐的对称效应是由感知者的情感反应介导的，而不对称效应是由感知者的推理过程介导的；(2)情感反应与推理过程的相对强度（从而对称效应与不对称效应的可能性）取决于感知者的信息加工动机和能力，以及感知到的情绪表现的适当性。我讨论了理论意义和未来的方向。
Emotions have a pervasive impact on organizational behavior. They do not just influence people’s own actions; when expressed, emotions may also exert influence on other organization members who perceive the expressions. Sometimes emotional expressions have ‘symmetrical’ effects, in that positive expressions yield advantageous outcomes for the expresser, while negative expressions produce disadvantageous outcomes. In other cases effects are ‘asymmetrical’, such that negative emotional expressions generate beneficial outcomes for the expresser, while positive expressions produce detrimental outcomes. Drawing on Emotions as Social Information (EASI) theory, I develop a theoretical analysis of when and how expressions of anger and happiness generate symmetrical versus asymmetrical effects. I support my analysis with a review of empirical research on the interpersonal effects of anger and happiness in negotiations and leadership. This review permits two general conclusions: (1) symmetrical effects of anger and happiness are mediated by affective reactions of perceivers, whereas asymmetrical effects are mediated by inferential processes in perceivers; (2) the relative strength of affective reactions versus inferential processes (and thereby the likelihood of symmetrical versus asymmetrical effects) depends on the perceiver’s information processing motivation and ability and on the perceived appropriateness of the emotional display. I discuss theoretical implications and future directions.