30+ Winter Seasons Of Operational Cloud Seeding In Utah
30+ Winter Seasons Of Operational Cloud Seeding In Utah
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发表时间：
2009
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通讯作者：
D. Griffith;M. Solak;David P. Yorty
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作者：
D. Griffith;M. Solak;David P. Yorty
自1974年以来，北美气象顾问公司（NAWC）在犹他州的许多山区进行了冬季云催化方案。这些方案的目标是加强全州几个山区目标地区的冬季积雪积累。研究表明，犹他州溪流和河流的大部分年径流来自融化的积雪，这解释了冬季播种的重点。增加的供水通常用于灌溉农业或市政供水。这些项目通常在县一级由犹他州水资源司提供费用分摊赠款。云播是利用位于预定目标山障上风处的山谷或山麓位置的陆基人工操作银发生器网络来完成的。因此，这些计划被归类为地形冬季播云计划。根据美国气象学会、世界气象组织和人工影响天气协会等组织的能力声明，地形冬季播云计划通常被归类为具有最高水平科学支持的计划。NAWC根据高海拔降水和雪含水量观测结果对这些犹他州计划进行的历史目标/控制评估表明，目标区域平均降水量或4月1日雪含水量明显增加3- 21%。2000年，犹他州水资源部对播种计划进行了独立评估。该评估确认了NAWC显示的雪水含量增加，然后采取了额外的步骤，估计由于估计的雪水含量增加而导致的年径流量增加。四个播种区的平均年增长量估计为249 600英亩英尺。考虑到进行这些计划的成本，估计增加径流的平均成本为每英亩英尺1.02美元。
North American Weather Consultants (NAWC) has conducted operational winter cloud seeding programs in many of the mountainous areas of Utah since 1974. The goal of these programs has been to enhance winter snowpack accumulation in several mountainous target areas throughout the State. Studies have demonstrated that a large majority of the annual runoff in Utah streams and rivers is derived from melting snowpacks, which explains the focus on wintertime seeding. Augmented water supplies are typically used for irrigated agriculture or municipal water supplies. Programs are typically funded at the county level with cost-sharing grants from the Utah Division of Water Resources. Cloud seeding is accomplished using networks of ground-based, manually operated silver iodide generators located in valley or foothill locations upwind of the intended target mountain barriers. As such, these programs are classified as orographic winter cloud seeding programs. Orographic winter cloud seeding programs are typically categorized as those with the highest level of scientific support based upon capability statements of such organizations as the American Meteorological Society, the World Meteorological Organization, and the Weather Modification Association. NAWC historical target/control evaluations of these Utah programs based upon high elevation precipitation and snow water content observations indicate a range of apparent increases in target area average precipitation or April 1st snow water content of 3-21%. The Utah Division of Water Resources conducted an independent assessment of the seeding programs in 2000. That assessment confirmed the NAWC indicated increases in snow water content, and then took the additional step of estimating the increases in annual streamflow resulting from the estimated increases in snow water content. Average annual increases from four seeded areas were estimated to total 249,600 acre-feet. Factoring in the cost of conducting these programs resulted in an estimate of the average cost of the augmented runoff to be $1.02 per acre-foot.