Semi-Intensive Pre-European Cultivation and the Origins of Anthropogenic Dark Earths in Amazonia
Semi-Intensive Pre-European Cultivation and the Origins of Anthropogenic Dark Earths in Amazonia
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欧洲人到来之前的半精耕细作和亚马逊流域人为黑土的起源
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发表时间：
2004
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
W. Denevan
中科院分区：
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作者：
W. Denevan
人类活动造成的暗土广泛分布在亚马逊河流域的高地（陆地），面积不超过一公顷，最多可达几百公顷。更黑的形式（terra preta）似乎是从欧洲之前的村庄垃圾堆发展而来的，这些垃圾堆由厨房火灾产生的灰烬和木炭、文化碎片、粪便、人类和动物的骨头以及房屋/花园废物组成（Woods and McCann 1999）。较浅的深棕色形式一些土壤科学家认为，（Sombroek 1966：175; Glaser et al. 2001 a），考古学家（Herrera et al. 1992; Petersen et al. 2001），植物学家（Prance和Schubart，1978）和地理学家（Denevan，1998; Woods和McCann，1999）认为，这是集约化耕作的产物（图10.1）。然而，其他人，如史密斯（1980）和伊登等人（1984），拒绝农业起源，因为深色土壤的深度。史密斯认为是垃圾堆的起源，他认为土壤的颜色和深度是村庄持续时间的函数。在1980年，他显然没有意识到含有很少或根本没有垃圾物质的Terramulata的范围。
Anthropogenic dark earths are widespread in the uplands (terra firme) of Amazonia, in patches covering a hectare or less up to several hundred hectares. The blacker form (terra preta) seems to have developed from preEuropean village middens consisting of ash and charcoal from kitchen fires, cultural debris, feces, human and animal bones, and house/garden waste (Woods and McCann 1999). The lighter, dark brown form (terra mulata), which is much more extensive, is believed by some soil scientists (Sombroek 1966:175; Glaser et al. 2001a), archaeologists (Herrera et al. 1992; Petersen et al. 2001), botanists (Prance and Schubart 1978), and geographers (Denevan 1998; Woods and McCann 1999) to be the product of intensive cultivation practices (Fig. 10.1). Others, however, such as Smith (1980) and Eden et al. (1984), rejected an agricultural origin because of the depth of dark earth soils. Smith argued for midden origins, and he saw soil color and depth as being functions of length of village-site duration. In 1980 he was apparently unaware of the extent of terra mulata that contains little or no midden material.