Conserved and diversified gene families of monovalent cation/h(+) antiporters from algae to flowering plants.
Conserved and diversified gene families of monovalent cation/h(+) antiporters from algae to flowering plants.
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DOI：
10.3389/fpls.2012.00025
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发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
5.6
通讯作者：
Sze H
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chanroj S;Wang G;Venema K;Zhang MW;Delwiche CF;Sze H
所有生物都进化出了调节离子和pH稳态以响应发育和环境线索的策略。一种策略是介导的单价阳离子质子反向转运蛋白（CPA），被归类为两个超家族。许多来自细菌、真菌、后生动物和植物的CPA 1基因已被功能性地表征;尽管植物CPA 2基因编码K+-外排逆向转运蛋白（KEA）和阳离子/H+交换蛋白（CHX）家族的作用在很大程度上是未知的。系统发育分析表明，CPA 1 Na+-H+交换器（NHX）家族的三个分支从单细胞藻类到拟南芥都是保守的。这些是（i）与原核生物NhaP共享祖先的质膜结合的SOS 1/AtNHX 7，（ii）作为真核生物胞内NHE进化枝的一部分的内体AtNHX 5/6，和（iii）植物特异性的液泡NHX进化枝（AtNHX 1 -4）。早期多样化的KEA基因可能从一个祖先的蓝藻基因建议在所有植物中看到的三种类型。有趣的是，CHX基因从早期陆地植物的一个分支中的三到四个成员多样化到拟南芥的八个分支中的28个基因。水绵属和立碗藓属的同源基因与AtCHX 20具有很高的相似性，表明保卫细胞特异性AtCHX 20及其近亲是该家族的创始人，花粉表达的CHX基因在单子叶植物和早期真双子叶植物中出现较晚。AtCHX蛋白介导K+转运和pH稳态，并已定位于细胞内和质膜。因此，从绿色藻类到被子植物，KEA基因是保守的，它们在红藻和次级内共生体中的存在表明在质体中的作用。相反，AtNHX 1 -4亚型在植物细胞中进化来处理液泡的离子稳态。与后生动物、真菌或藻类相比，陆地植物中CHX基因的巨大多样性意味着在开花植物的营养和生殖成功中动态内膜的离子和pH稳态的重要作用。
All organisms have evolved strategies to regulate ion and pH homeostasis in response to developmental and environmental cues. One strategy is mediated by monovalent cation–proton antiporters (CPA) that are classified in two superfamilies. Many CPA1 genes from bacteria, fungi, metazoa, and plants have been functionally characterized; though roles of plant CPA2 genes encoding K+-efflux antiporter (KEA) and cation/H+ exchanger (CHX) families are largely unknown. Phylogenetic analysis showed that three clades of the CPA1 Na+–H+ exchanger (NHX) family have been conserved from single-celled algae to Arabidopsis. These are (i) plasma membrane-bound SOS1/AtNHX7 that share ancestry with prokaryote NhaP, (ii) endosomal AtNHX5/6 that is part of the eukaryote Intracellular-NHE clade, and (iii) a vacuolar NHX clade (AtNHX1–4) specific to plants. Early diversification of KEA genes possibly from an ancestral cyanobacterium gene is suggested by three types seen in all plants. Intriguingly, CHX genes diversified from three to four members in one subclade of early land plants to 28 genes in eight subclades of Arabidopsis. Homologs from Spirogyra or Physcomitrella share high similarity with AtCHX20, suggesting that guard cell-specific AtCHX20 and its closest relatives are founders of the family, and pollen-expressed CHX genes appeared later in monocots and early eudicots. AtCHX proteins mediate K+ transport and pH homeostasis, and have been localized to intracellular and plasma membrane. Thus KEA genes are conserved from green algae to angiosperms, and their presence in red algae and secondary endosymbionts suggest a role in plastids. In contrast, AtNHX1–4 subtype evolved in plant cells to handle ion homeostasis of vacuoles. The great diversity of CHX genes in land plants compared to metazoa, fungi, or algae would imply a significant role of ion and pH homeostasis at dynamic endomembranes in the vegetative and reproductive success of flowering plants.
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