Phosphorus and Sulphur Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems
Phosphorus and Sulphur Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-540-68027-7_3
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发表时间：
2007
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
E. Bünemann;L. Condron
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
E. Bünemann;L. Condron
Else K. Bünemann，Leo M. Condron 66仅在高度还原条件下才能使用。在大气中发现了相对少量的S：硫化氢（H2S）和有机S气体由厌氧细菌产生，而二氧化硫（SO2）是工业燃烧、微生物氧化和火山活动的产物，人为S排放量约占进入大气的S总量的55%（Zhao等人，1996年）。最近的研究表明，海藻产生的二甲基硫化物是大气中硫的另一个主要来源（Kelly和Murrell，1999年）。目前正在全球变暖的背景下研究海洋上空硫酸盐气溶胶在云形成和反射（太阳辐射反射）中的作用（Satheesh和Moorthy，2005年）。植物生物量中磷和硫的浓度非常相似（通常为1-5克/千克干物质），在大多数生态系统中，地上磷和硫的含量约为10-100千克/公顷。在植物组织中，S主要以C键形式存在，如氨基酸，而植物中约一半的P以核酸形式存在，其次是磷脂和单酯。自然土壤中磷和硫的浓度在100至1，000 mg kg-1之间，相当于顶部20 cm中约200至2，000 kg ha-1。施肥农业土壤和一些火山土壤中的磷浓度可能会高得多。在土壤中，P
Else K. Bünemann, Leo M. Condron 66 curs only under highly reducing conditions. Relatively small amounts of S are found in the atmosphere: hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and organic S gases are produced by anaerobic bacteria, while sulphur dioxide (SO2) is a product of industrial combustion, microbial oxidation and volcanic activity, with anthropogenic S emissions representing about 55% of total S inputs into the atmosphere (Zhao et al. 1996). Recent work has shown that dimethyl-sulphide produced by marine algae is another major source of S in the atmosphere (Kelly and Murrell 1999). The role of sulphate aerosols over the oceans in cloud formation and albedo (reflectance of solar radiation) is currently being investigated in the context of global warming (Satheesh and Moorthy 2005). The concentrations of P and S in plant biomass are quite similar (usually 1–5 g kg–1 dry matter), and above-ground P and S amount to about 10–100 kg ha–1 in most ecosystems. In plant tissues, S is mainly in C-bonded forms such as amino acids, while about one-half of the P in plants is present as nucleic acids, followed by phospholipids and monoesters. Concentrations of P and S in natural soils range between 100 and 1,000 mg kg–1, which is equivalent to about 200–2,000 kg ha–1 in the top 20 cm. Concentrations of P in fertilised agricultural as well as some volcanic soils can be considerably higher. In soils, P is