The Role of APOBECs in Viral Replication.

The Role of APOBECs in Viral Replication.
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DOI:
10.3390/microorganisms8121899
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发表时间:
2020-11-30
期刊:
影响因子:
4.5
通讯作者:
Dudley JP
Dudley JP
中科院分区:
生物学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Xu WK;Byun H;Dudley JP

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载脂蛋白B基因编码酶催化多肽样蛋白(APOBEC)是一个进化保守的胞苷脱氨酶家族,具有从组织特异性基因表达、免疫球蛋白多样性到控制病毒和反转录转座子等多种功能。APOBEC家族在哺乳动物物种中的扩展已被记录在案,这表明它们的活动具有强大的选择能力。具有重复锌结合结构域的酶通常有催化活性结构域和非活性结构域,但两者都具有抗病毒功能。虽然APOBEC的抗病毒功能是通过缺乏活性Vif蛋白的HIV-1基因组的超突变来发现的,但许多证据表明,APOBEC也通过突变以外的机制抑制病毒复制。病毒复制周期的多个步骤可能会受到影响,尽管核酸复制是主要目标。将APOBEC包装成病毒粒子最早是在HIV-1中发现的,但这并不是病毒抑制的先决条件。APOBEC拮抗作用可能发生在病毒的产生细胞和受体细胞中。APOBEC活性的特征包括特定序列背景下的G-to-A和C-to-T突变。APOBEC活性对病毒抑制的重要性反映在对包括HIV-1 Vif在内的许多病毒因子的识别中,这些因子致力于拮抗这些脱氨酶。这种病毒拮抗剂往往只有部分成功,导致APOBEC选择增强复制或避免免疫消除的病毒变体。
Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC) proteins are a diverse and evolutionarily conserved family of cytidine deaminases that provide a variety of functions from tissue-specific gene expression and immunoglobulin diversity to control of viruses and retrotransposons. APOBEC family expansion has been documented among mammalian species, suggesting a powerful selection for their activity. Enzymes with a duplicated zinc-binding domain often have catalytically active and inactive domains, yet both have antiviral function. Although APOBEC antiviral function was discovered through hypermutation of HIV-1 genomes lacking an active Vif protein, much evidence indicates that APOBECs also inhibit virus replication through mechanisms other than mutagenesis. Multiple steps of the viral replication cycle may be affected, although nucleic acid replication is a primary target. Packaging of APOBECs into virions was first noted with HIV-1, yet is not a prerequisite for viral inhibition. APOBEC antagonism may occur in viral producer and recipient cells. Signatures of APOBEC activity include G-to-A and C-to-T mutations in a particular sequence context. The importance of APOBEC activity for viral inhibition is reflected in the identification of numerous viral factors, including HIV-1 Vif, which are dedicated to antagonism of these deaminases. Such viral antagonists often are only partially successful, leading to APOBEC selection for viral variants that enhance replication or avoid immune elimination.
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