Azalea
Azalea
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-319-90698-0_11
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发表时间：
2018-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Kobayashi, Nobuo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
De Riek, Jan;De Keyser, Ellen;Kobayashi, Nobuo
比利时盆栽杜鹃花被认为是从一个相对狭窄的遗传基础的收藏家的材料引入植物园和私人收藏从东亚。日本和中国的传统品种，其中一些有400多年的栽培历史，是基础。比利时盆栽杜鹃花的历史开始于大约200多年前;第一个比利时栽培和商业化的品种“货车德克鲁森夫人”于1867年推出。系统发育和分子标记研究支持的历史研究表明，必须接受一个遗传连续体，跨越许多物种的Tsutsusi亚属。这种连续性在过去已经被亚洲和欧洲的育种者所利用，并且仍然被证明是遗传变异和有趣形式的良好来源。直到今天，主要的改进已经通过传统的杂交育种和选择自发的芽运动获得。盆栽杜鹃花育种的一些历史上的重大突破是：（1）品种可以很容易地在自己的根上生长，无需嫁接;（2）早期（秋季）开花品种，特别是'Hellmut Vogel';和（3）更长的保质期。传统上，育种目标是由大规模生产目标和消费者愿望驱动的。从小到大的双花，从彩色到白色花，消费者总是在寻找新的东西，他们的欲望可以很快改变。时至今日，花的特性仍然是最重要的选择标准。此外，叶的形状和颜色，叶表面的光泽，有无毛，生长活力，植物结构，开花的早熟性和生产后的质量（开花寿命，没有棕色芽鳞）是其他重要的育种性状。最近，生物抗性育种得到了关注。特别是对某些真菌病害的抗性已成为主要的选择标准。此外，早期阶段的候选品种已经在商业化种植条件下进行了测试，以评估它们对特定栽培实践的反应，如摘心，植物生长调节剂的应用和胁迫期间的反应时间。
Belgian pot azaleas are presumed to have been created from a relatively narrow genetic basis of collector's material introduced into botanical gardens and private collections from Eastern Asia. Both Japanese and Chinese traditional varieties, some of them with a cultivation history of more than 400 years, were at the basis. The history of Belgian pot azalea started about 200 or more years ago; the first Belgium-bred and commercially released cultivar 'Madame Van der Cruyssen' was introduced in 1867. Historical research supported by phylogenetic and molecular marker studies revealed a genetic continuum must be accepted which spans many species of the Tsutsusi subgenus. This continuum has been exploited in the past by both Asian and European breeders and still proves to be a good source for genetic variation and interesting forms. Until today, major improvements have been obtained by conventional crossbreeding and selection of spontaneous bud sports. Some of the historically major breakthroughs in breeding of pot azalea are (1) cultivars that could easily grow on their own roots, eliminating the need for grafting; (2) early (fall) flowering cultivars, particularly 'Hellmut Vogel'; and (3) longer shelf life. Breeding goals have traditionally been driven by mass production aims and consumer wishes. From small to large double flowers and from colored to white flowers, the consumers are always in for something new, and their desires can change very quickly. Today, flower characteristics are still the most important criteria for selection. In addition, leaf shape and color, shininess of leaf surface, presence or absence of hairs, growth vigor, plant architecture, earliness of flowering, and postproduction quality (longevity of flowering, absence of brown bud scales) are other important traits for breeding. More recently, breeding for biotic resistance gained attention. Especially resistance against some fungal diseases has become a major selection criterion. Furthermore, candidate cultivars in an early stage are already being tested under commercial growing conditions to evaluate their reaction to specific culture practices as pinching, application of plant growth regulators, and reaction time during forcing.