Nucleophilic Substitution in Solution: Activation Strain Analysis of Weak and Strong Solvent Effects.

Nucleophilic Substitution in Solution: Activation Strain Analysis of Weak and Strong Solvent Effects.
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DOI:
10.1002/chem.201706075
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发表时间:
2018-04-17
期刊:
Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Bickelhaupt FM
Bickelhaupt FM
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
Hamlin TA;van Beek B;Wolters LP;Bickelhaupt FM

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我们已经量子化学研究了各种极性和非极性溶剂上的势能面(PES)的形状的不同收集的原型亲核取代反应在碳,硅,磷,砷通过使用密度泛函理论在OLYP/TZ 2 P水平上的效果。在气相中,我们的所有模型SN 2反应都具有单阱PES,除了在碳上的亲核取代反应(SN2@C),其具有双阱能量分布。溶剂的存在可以对PES的形状具有显著影响,并且因此对SN 2方法的性质具有显著影响。比较了溶剂谱中各种SN 2反应的溶剂化能、亲核试剂或离去基团上的电荷以及结构特征。我们演示了溶剂化如何改变PES的形状,不仅取决于溶剂的极性,而且取决于在反应的不同阶段,电荷如何分布在相互作用的分子部分上。在三配位磷的亲核取代的情况下,反应可以通过单阱[无过渡态(TS)],双峰势垒(两个TS),然后通过单峰过渡态(一个TS)简单地通过增加溶剂的极性进行。
We have quantum chemically studied the effect of various polar and apolar solvents on the shape of the potential energy surface (PES) of a diverse collection of archetypal nucleophilic substitution reactions at carbon, silicon, phosphorus, and arsenic by using density functional theory at the OLYP/TZ2P level. In the gas phase, all our model SN2 reactions have single‐well PESs, except for the nucleophilic substitution reaction at carbon (SN2@C), which has a double‐well energy profile. The presence of the solvent can have a significant effect on the shape of the PES and, thus, on the nature of the SN2 process. Solvation energies, charges on the nucleophile or leaving group, and structural features are compared for the various SN2 reactions in a spectrum of solvents. We demonstrate how solvation can change the shape of the PES, depending not only on the polarity of the solvent, but also on how the charge is distributed over the interacting molecular moieties during different stages of the reaction. In the case of a nucleophilic substitution at three‐coordinate phosphorus, the reaction can be made to proceed through a single‐well [no transition state (TS)], bimodal barrier (two TSs), and then through a unimodal transition state (one TS) simply by increasing the polarity of the solvent.
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