Mediterranean and north-African cultural adaptations to mid-Holocene environmental and climatic changes
Mediterranean and north-African cultural adaptations to mid-Holocene environmental and climatic changes
复制标题
DOI：
10.1177/0959683610377532
复制
发表时间：
2011-02
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
A. Mercuri;L. Sadori;Paloma Uzquiano Ollero
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Mercuri;L. Sadori;Paloma Uzquiano Ollero
在地中海和北非地区，文化轨迹显示出有时与气候变化相一致的趋势。全新世中期是气候、环境和文化系统剧烈变化的时期。本文报告了这些地区的花粉和木炭研究，旨在展示令人印象深刻的文化变化如何经常与关键的气候波动同时发生。选择与气候文化变化密切相关的三个主要干旱事件来讨论该主题： c． 8200 卡路里年 BP，c。 6000 卡路里年血压，c。 4200 卡路里年血压。报告了五个现场案例研究的例子： (1) Wadi Teshuinat 地区（费赞、利比亚、撒哈拉中部）； (2) Benzù 洞穴（西班牙休达山脉，非洲西北部）； (3) La Vaquera Cave（西班牙中央系统）； (4) Terramara di Montale（波平原，意大利北部）； (5) Arslantepe（土耳其安纳托利亚东部）。他们的考古植物学记录有助于识别和确定人类在不同地区的存在和活动的年代。在这些例子中，人为信号以及与其他地点的比较可能有助于区分花粉记录中的气候信号和人类影响。在花粉无法显示的情况下，木炭是人类活动的证据。对稀疏植物资源的过度开发，包括过度放牧，加速了干燥气候阶段向干旱条件的演变。人类造成了干旱危机，并增强了古气候记录中的信号。有时，不断变化的开发策略和运动会导致新文化的出现。然而，一种文化的产生和衰落是非常不同的关键阶段，并且不同的因素必定参与了它们的发生。青铜时代比新石器时代对环境的影响更大，可能是因为知识的进步、文化的变迁和复杂的土地开发形式的演变之间存在着联系。
In Mediterranean and north-African regions, cultural trajectories have shown trends sometimes coincident with climatic changes. The mid Holocene was a period of intense changes in climate, and in environmental and cultural systems. This paper reports pollen and charcoal studies from these areas aiming at presenting how impressive cultural changes frequently coincided with critical climate oscillations. Three of the main dry events of key relevance for climatic—cultural changes were selected to discuss this topic: c. 8200 cal. yr BP, c. 6000 cal. yr BP, and c. 4200 cal. yr BP. Five examples from on-site case studies were reported: (1) Wadi Teshuinat area (Fezzan, Libya, Central Sahara); (2) Benzù cave (Ceuta mountains, Spain, NW Africa); (3) La Vaquera Cave (Central System, Spain); (4) Terramara di Montale (Po Plain, Northern Italy); (5) Arslantepe (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). Their archaeobotanical record helps to recognise and date human presence and activity in different territories. In these examples, anthropogenic signals and comparisons with other sites could be useful to distinguish climate signal from human impact in pollen records. Charcoals are evidence of human activity in cases which are not shown by pollen. Overexploitation of thinned plant resources, including overgrazing, accelerated the evolution towards xeric conditions during drying climatic phases. Humans enforced the aridity crisis and enhanced its signal in palaeoclimatic records. Sometimes, changing exploitation strategies and movements led to the onset of new cultures. Nevertheless, the onset and decline of a culture are very different critical phases, and different agents must have been involved in their occurrence. The Bronze Age marked the environment more than the Neolithic, probably because there is a relation between improvements in knowledge, cultural changes and the evolution of complex forms of land exploitation.