A history of spike-timing-dependent plasticity.
A history of spike-timing-dependent plasticity.
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DOI：
10.3389/fnsyn.2011.00004
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发表时间：
2011
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Sjöström PJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Markram H;Gerstner W;Sjöström PJ
大脑如何实现学习和记忆是神经科学的核心问题。当今大脑信息存储研究的关键是突触可塑性的概念，这一概念深受赫布假设的影响。赫布推测，反复且持续地协同活动的细胞应该会增强相互连接的神经元群体之间的连接强度，作为存储记忆痕迹（也称为印迹）的一种手段。正如我们在这段历史中所展示的那样，赫布当然不是第一个做出这种猜想的人。然而，实际上，对细胞学习规则的经典频率依赖范式的数千项研究直接受到赫布假设的启发。但近年来，细胞学习中出现了一个新概念，强调时间顺序而不是频率。这种新的学习范式——被称为尖峰时序依赖性可塑性（STDP）——迅速引起了人们的极大兴趣，或许是因为它结合了优雅的简单性、生物学的合理性和计算能力。但今天的 STDP 概念的根源是什么？在这里，我们讨论几个世纪以来的多样化思维，从亚里士多德、洛克和里博特等哲学家开始，穿越卢加罗的可塑性和罗森布拉特的感知器，最后以 STDP 的发现达到顶峰。我们强调理论和实验领域之间的相互作用，展示发现有时是如何并行发生的，似乎对其他领域没有太多了解，有时是通过具体的来回沟通。我们指出了未来的方向，包括中间神经元STDP、STDP的功能影响、其机制和神经调节，以及STDP与神经元网络的发育形成和持续可塑性的联系。
How learning and memory is achieved in the brain is a central question in neuroscience. Key to today’s research into information storage in the brain is the concept of synaptic plasticity, a notion that has been heavily influenced by Hebb's postulate. Hebb conjectured that repeatedly and persistently co-active cells should increase connective strength among populations of interconnected neurons as a means of storing a memory trace, also known as an engram. Hebb certainly was not the first to make such a conjecture, as we show in this history. Nevertheless, literally thousands of studies into the classical frequency-dependent paradigm of cellular learning rules were directly inspired by the Hebbian postulate. But in more recent years, a novel concept in cellular learning has emerged, where temporal order instead of frequency is emphasized. This new learning paradigm – known as spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) – has rapidly gained tremendous interest, perhaps because of its combination of elegant simplicity, biological plausibility, and computational power. But what are the roots of today’s STDP concept? Here, we discuss several centuries of diverse thinking, beginning with philosophers such as Aristotle, Locke, and Ribot, traversing, e.g., Lugaro’s plasticità and Rosenblatt’s perceptron, and culminating with the discovery of STDP. We highlight interactions between theoretical and experimental fields, showing how discoveries sometimes occurred in parallel, seemingly without much knowledge of the other field, and sometimes via concrete back-and-forth communication. We point out where the future directions may lie, which includes interneuron STDP, the functional impact of STDP, its mechanisms and its neuromodulatory regulation, and the linking of STDP to the developmental formation and continuous plasticity of neuronal networks.