Impact of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles on the Electric Grid
Impact of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles on the Electric Grid
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DOI：
10.2172/974613
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发表时间：
2006-11
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影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
S. Hadley
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文献类型：
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作者：
S. Hadley
世界各地正在开发插电式混合动力汽车（PHEV）；我们正在进行大量工作来优化发动机和电池的运行，以便在放电期间和电网可充电时实现高效运行。然而，人们普遍期望电网不会受到车辆使用的太大影响，因为充电只会在非高峰时段进行，或者车辆数量增长缓慢，容量规划将做出充分反应。但这种期望并没有考虑到最终用户将能够控制充电时间，并且人们倾向于在方便的时候充电，而不是在公用事业公司愿意的时候充电。了解将大量插电式混合动力汽车引入电网的后果非常重要。根据车辆插入的时间和地点，它们可能会对电网造成局部或区域的限制。他们可能需要增加新的电力容量，同时提高现有容量的利用率。当地配电网的利用模式将发生变化，一些线路或变电站可能会比预期更早出现过载。此外，用于为车辆充电的发电类型将根据国家地区和插电式混合动力汽车充电时间的不同而有所不同。我们对 2018 年东南电力可靠性委员会 VACAR 分区（包括南卡罗来纳州、北卡罗来纳州和弗吉尼亚州大部分地区）新增 100 万辆 PHEV 可能对电网造成的影响进行了分析。为此，我们使用了橡树岭竞争性电力调度模型，该模型模拟发电机的每小时调度，以满足特定年份某个地区的需求。根据车辆、电池、充电器电压水平、电流强度和持续时间的不同，对地区电力需求的影响从 1,400 兆瓦到 6,000 兆瓦不等。如果充电发生在傍晚，那么峰值负荷就会升高，需求主要由燃气轮机和联合循环发电厂来满足。夜间充电对峰值负荷和发电充足性的影响较小，但燃煤发电使用的增加改变了空气排放的相对量。发电成本也根据时间而大幅波动。然而，初步分析表明，即使在高峰时段充电也可能比使用汽油驱动车辆的成本更低。即使整个地区可能有足够的发电量，该地区的输电系统或通往不同地区的配电线路也可能不够大，无法处理这种新型负载。以住宅为主的馈电线路的规模可能无法容纳很大一部分客户添加 1.4 至 6 kW 的负载，这些负载将从傍晚开始连续运行两到六个小时。在更广泛的范围内，如果为当地变电站供电的输电线路的规模不能满足这种额外的需求增长，那么它们可能会受到类似的限制。此初步分析确定了分析 PHEV 和电网集成系统的一些复杂性。根据 PHEV 连接到电网的功率水平、时间和持续时间，可能会对电网限制、容量需求、使用的燃料类型和产生的排放产生多种影响。本文在第二章中简要描述了插电式混合动力汽车的特性。讨论了车辆的各种充电策略及其对电网的影响。在第 3 章中，我们描述了该国某个地区未来的电力需求以及多种插电式混合动力汽车对该需求的影响。我们使用橡树岭竞争电力调度 (ORCED) 模型将该需求应用于该地区的发电厂清单，以评估电力生产和排放的变化。在第 4 章中，我们讨论需求增长对当地配送系统的影响。在第 5 章中，我们总结并深入探讨了插件的影响。将提出未来的任务，以更好地定义电力和交通的相互作用，以及社会如何更好地为它们的融合做好准备。 « less
Plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) are being developed around the world; much work is going on to optimize engine and battery operations for efficient operation, both during discharge and when grid electricity is available for recharging. However, there has generally been the expectation that the grid will not be greatly affected by the use of the vehicles, because the recharging would only occur during offpeak hours, or the number of vehicles will grow slowly enough that capacity planning will respond adequately. But this expectation does not incorporate that endusers will have control of the time of recharging and the inclination for people will be to plug in when convenient for them, rather than when utilities would prefer. It is important to understand the ramifications of introducing a number of plug-in hybrid vehicles onto the grid. Depending on when and where the vehicles are plugged in, they could cause local or regional constraints on the grid. They could require both the addition of new electric capacity along with an increase in the utilization of existing capacity. Local distribution grids will see a change in their utilization pattern, and some lines or substations may become overloaded sooner than expected. Furthermore, the type ofmore » generation used to recharge the vehicles will be different depending on the region of the country and timing when the PHEVs recharge. We conducted an analysis of what the grid impact may be in 2018 with one million PHEVs added to the VACAR sub-region of the Southeast Electric Reliability Council, a region that includes South Carolina, North Carolina, and much of Virginia. To do this, we used the Oak Ridge Competitive Electricity Dispatch model, which simulates the hourly dispatch of power generators to meet demand for a region over a given year. Depending on the vehicle, its battery, the charger voltage level, amperage, and duration, the impact on regional electricity demand varied from 1,400 to 6,000 MW. If recharging occurred in the early evening, then peak loads were raised and demands were met largely by combustion turbines and combined cycle plants. Nighttime recharging had less impact on peak loads and generation adequacy, but the increased use of coal-fired generation changed the relative amounts of air emissions. Costs of generation also fluctuated greatly depending on the timing. However, initial analysis shows that even charging at peak times may be less costly than using gasoline to operate the vehicles. Even if the overall region may have sufficient generating power, the region's transmission system or distribution lines to different areas may not be large enough to handle this new type of load. A largely residential feeder circuit may not be sized to have a significant proportion of its customers adding 1.4 to 6 kW loads that would operate continuously for two to six hours beginning in the early evening. On a broader scale, the transmission lines feeding the local substations may be similarly constrained if they are not sized to respond to this extra growth in demand. This initial analysis identifies some of the complexities in analyzing the integrated system of PHEVs and the grid. Depending on the power level, timing, and duration of the PHEV connection to the grid, there could be a wide variety of impacts on grid constraints, capacity needs, fuel types used, and emissions generated. This paper provides a brief description of plug-in hybrid vehicle characteristics in Chapter 2. Various charging strategies for vehicles are discussed, with a consequent impact on the grid. In Chapter 3 we describe the future electrical demand for a region of the country and the impact on this demand with a number of plug-in hybrids. We apply that demand to an inventory of power plants for the region using the Oak Ridge Competitive Electricity Dispatch (ORCED) model to evaluate the change in power production and emissions. In Chapter 4 we discuss the impact of demand increases on local distribution systems. In Chapter 5 we conclude and provide insights into the impacts of plug-ins. Future tasks will be proposed to better define the interaction electricity and transportation, and how society can better prepare for their confluence.« less