Word-based declensions in Estonian
Word-based declensions in Estonian
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爱沙尼亚语基于单词的词形变化
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发表时间：
2005
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通讯作者：
J. Blevins
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文献类型：
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作者：
J. Blevins
现代爱沙尼亚语的变格系统表现出高度统一的基于单词的结构。该系统基本上是由三部分组成，包括一组单数语法格，一组复数语法格和一组语义格。单数格子系统由孤立词干和主位元音构成。然而，特殊的词干-元音组合是独特的，因为词干和元音都不能单独分配格属性。复数的语法格又是“寄生的”形式（马修斯，1972），纯粹基于单数格的形式。语义格则以相应属格的形式为基础。在每个子系统中，格和其他语法属性与整个词的形式相关联，但这些词级属性不能分配到更小的单位。本文认为，一个传统的词和范式（WP）模型提供了一个启发性的角度对这个系统的组织。将单词识别为“最小有意义单位”直接捕捉到这样一个事实，即格始终与单词相关联，而不是与子单词单位相关联。传统观点认为，词“不是由简单部分组成的整体，而是一个复杂整体中的部分”（马修斯，1991：204），同样也引出了变格的隐含结构。这种结构包括图1中的词干融合模式，沿着语法格之间的相互依存关系，例如主格单数与部分单数或属格单数的一般可预测性。名词形式之间的关系网络定义了解释各个形式的范式上下文，这些形式提供了其组合结构中未表示的信息。
The declensional system of modern Estonian exhibits a highly uniform wordbased structure. The system is essentially tripartite, comprising a set of singular grammatical cases, a set of plural grammatical cases and a set of semantic cases. The subsystem of singular grammatical cases consists of isolable stems and theme vowels. Yet it is particular stem-vowel combinations that are distinctive, as neither stems nor vowels can be assigned case properties in isolation. The plural grammatical cases are in turn ‘parasitic’ formations (Matthews 1972), based purely on the form of the singular cases. The semantic cases are then based on the form of the corresponding genitive. Within each subsystem, case and other grammatical properties are associated with whole word forms, but these word-level properties cannot be apportioned to smaller units. This paper suggests that a traditional word and paradigm (WP) model offers an illuminating perspective on the organization of this system. Recognizing words as ‘minimal meaningful units’ directly captures the fact that case is consistently associated with words, but not with sub-word units. The traditional view that words ‘are not wholes composed of simple parts but are themselves the parts within a complex whole’ (Matthews 1991:204) likewise brings out the implicational structure of declensions. This structure includes the patterns of stem syncretism in Figure 1, along with interdependencies between grammatical cases, such as the general predictability of the nominative singular from the partitive or genitive singular. The network of relations between the forms of a noun define a paradigmatic context for the interpretation of individual forms that supplies information that is not represented in their syntagmatic structure.