Unpaired extinction: implications for treating post-traumatic stress disorder.
Unpaired extinction: implications for treating post-traumatic stress disorder.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.10.010
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发表时间：
2011-05
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Burhans LB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Schreurs BG;Smith-Bell CA;Burhans LB
恐惧消退对于治疗与压力相关的疾病，尤其是创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）非常重要。尽管传统的消退是单独呈现恐惧刺激，但临床和基础研究都有证据表明，单独反复呈现恐惧刺激并不能防止恐惧复发。这种复发可以通过非配对消退来“阻止”——即呈现恐惧刺激以及产生恐惧的事件。然而，无论标准的非配对消退在实验室中多么有效，反复呈现创伤性事件都是不可行的。为了使非配对消退程序在临床上更具相关性，我们以电刺激或空气喷射作为非条件刺激，对兔子的瞬膜反应进行经典条件反射训练，然后在非配对消退过程中降低非条件刺激的强度以及非配对刺激呈现的天数。我们发现非配对消退减少了条件反射，并减轻了夸张的非条件反射反应（一种动物版的PTSD，称为条件特异性反射改变），并且只要使用长时间的呈现，使用弱的非条件刺激也可以实现。令人惊讶的是，短暂呈现弱的非条件刺激或长时间呈现强的非条件刺激会使夸张的反应更强。一个启示是，短暂的治疗可能不仅无效，还可能加重PTSD的症状。另一个启示是，使用强刺激也可能加重这些症状。
Extinction of fear is important for treating stress-related conditions particularly post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although traditional extinction presents the feared stimulus by itself, there is evidence from both clinical and basic research that repeatedly presenting the feared stimulus by itself does not prevent fear from returning. This renewal or relapse can be “thwarted” by unpaired extinction – presentations of the feared stimulus and the event producing the fear. However, no matter how effective standard unpaired extinction may be in the laboratory, repeated presentation of a traumatic event is untenable. To make an unpaired extinction procedure more clinically relevant, we classically conditioned the rabbit nictitating membrane response using electrical stimulation or air puff as the unconditioned stimulus and then during unpaired extinction reduced both the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus and the days of unpaired stimulus presentations. We found unpaired extinction reduced conditioned and exaggerated unconditioned responding (an animal analog of PTSD called conditioning-specific reflex modification) and could be accomplished with a weak unconditioned stimulus as long as extended presentations were used. Surprisingly, brief presentations of a weak unconditioned stimulus or extended presentations of a strong one made the exaggerated responses stronger. One implication is that brief treatment may not just be ineffectual; it may heighten the symptoms of PTSD. Another implication is that using strong stimuli may also heighten those symptoms.
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影响因子：
1.4
作者：
FREY, PW;BUTLER, CS
通讯作者：
BUTLER, CS
影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Beck, J. Gayle;Palyo, Sarah A.;Ang, Eu Jin
通讯作者：
Ang, Eu Jin
影响因子：
1.3
作者：
Colwill, Ruth M.
通讯作者：
Colwill, Ruth M.
DOI：
10.3758/bf03202596
发表时间：
1988-02-01
期刊：
BEHAVIOR RESEARCH METHODS INSTRUMENTS & COMPUTERS
影响因子：
--
作者：
GORMEZANO, I;GIBBS, CM
通讯作者：
GIBBS, CM
影响因子：
1.9
作者：
Garcia, KS;Mauk, MD;Kehoe, EJ
通讯作者：
Kehoe, EJ