Taking stock of South African income inequality
Taking stock of South African income inequality
复制标题
评估南非的收入不平等
DOI：
10.35188/unu-wider/2018/626-5
复制
发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
P.A.G. Green
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Leibbrandt;V. Ranchhod;P.A.G. Green
我们综合了最近几篇关于南非非常高的收入不平等的论文的研究结果。这些论文使用新的数据集（包括所得税数据）和新的实证方法来调查南非家庭收入和个人收入不平等的驱动因素。经验回报的增加和高等教育学历回报率的提高是收入分配扩大的关键驱动因素。与调查数据相结合的税收数据显示，收入和收入分配最高的人在绝对值和相对值上都做得很好，从而加剧了不平等。直接税和社会赠款是累进的，间接税的累进性较低，健康保险和养恤基金缴款的免税是递减的。当前中产阶级中有很大一部分很容易陷入贫困。总体而言，南非在过去十年中在减少极端不平等方面没有取得进展。
We synthesize the findings from several recent papers on South Africa's very high income inequality. These papers use new datasets - including income tax data - and new empirical methods to investigate the drivers of household income and individual earnings inequality in South Africa. Increased returns to experience and an increased rate of return to tertiary qualifications are key drivers of a widening earnings distribution. Tax data merged with survey data show that those at the top of the earnings and income distributions have done well in both absolute and relative terms, thus increasing inequality. Direct taxes and social grants are progressive, indirect taxes are less progressive, and tax exemptions for health insurance and pension fund contributions are regressive. A significant proportion of the current middle class are vulnerable to falling into poverty. Overall, South Africa has not made progress in reducing its extreme inequality over the last decade.