Monetary valuation of livelihoods for understanding the composition and complexity of rural households
Monetary valuation of livelihoods for understanding the composition and complexity of rural households
复制标题
DOI：
10.1007/s10460-004-7233-0
复制
发表时间：
2005-03-01
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Shackleton, CM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dovie, DBK;Witkowski, ETF;Shackleton, CM
目前，对南部非洲贫困农村家庭使用的各种收入来源的相对贡献几乎没有准确的了解。家庭概况对整体收入的影响也没有得到很好的理解。因此，在国民经济核算中很少考虑这些因素。本文试图通过反思农牧业、次生林地资源以及正式和非正式现金收入流对南非林波波省桑代尔半干旱农村家庭的相对贡献，来缩小这一知识差距。在没有工作机会和面临大量移民劳动力的情况下，开放获得自然资源的家庭从基于土地的生计中获得的好处比现金收入流更多(即57.5%比42.5%)。生计总收入为每户每年2887美元。从农作物获得的货币价值与正式工资之间建立了显著的相关性，并发现现金收入高的家庭倾向于在作物生产上投资更多。超过80%的家庭是男性户主。在这些户主中，超过60%是城市地区的长期流动人口，将家庭决定权留给了女性。妇女的低识字率剥夺了她们在该地区以外的带薪工作，因此增加了她们对农作物(62%)和次生林地资源(60%)的依赖。女性是现金收入的主要贡献者(9.7%)或与男性共同供款(24.4%)的家庭比例进一步反映了这一点。每户妇女人数与三种以土地为基础的生计之间存在各种正相关关系。这意味着，妇女对这类活动的完全控制主要是由于没有男子，而不是典型的现象。尽管有这种控制，但这并没有在大多数妇女的生活中得到积极的反映。家庭参与生计活动的情况各不相同。农户规模影响生产水平，并与次生林地资源价值和作物价值呈正相关。这项研究显示了基于土地的生计来源的相互依存关系以及家庭特征对生产和消费的影响。注重生计选择的政策需要认识到并适应相关的家庭动态。
There is, at present, little precise understanding of the relative contributions of the various income streams used by impoverished rural households in southern Africa. The impact of household profiles on overall income is also not well understood. There is, therefore, little consideration of these factors in national economic accounting. This paper is an attempt to reduce this gap in knowledge by reflecting on the relative contribution of agro-pastoralism, secondary woodland resources, and formal and informal cash income streams to households in the semi-arid rural village of Thorndale, Limpopo Province, South Africa. In the absence of jobs and confronted with high migrant labor, households with open access to natural resources derived more benefits from land-based livelihoods than cash income streams (i.e., 57.5% vs. 42.5%). Total livelihood income was valued at US$2887 per household per annum. A significant correlation between monetary values derived from crops and formal wages was established, and it was found that households with high cash incomes tended to invest more in crop production. Over 80% of households were male-headed. Of these heads of household, more than 60% were long-term migrants to urban areas, leaving household decision-making to the women. The low literacy rates of women have deprived them of paid jobs outside the area and, therefore, have increased their dependence on crops (62%) and secondary woodlands resources (60%). This was further reflected in the proportion of households in which females were the main contributors of cash income (9.7%), or joint contributors with men (24.4%). Various positive correlations were established between the number of women per household and the three land-based livelihoods. This implied that women's total control over such activities was mostly a result of the absence of men and not a typical phenomenon. In spite of this control, it was not positively reflected in the lives of the majority of the women. Households differed in their participation in livelihood activities. Household size influenced the level of production and was positively correlated with the value of secondary woodland resources and crops. The study shows the interdependence of land-based livelihood sources and the impact of household features on production and consumption. Policies that focus on livelihood options need to recognize and accommodate associated household dynamics.