Mammalian energetics : interdisciplinary views of metabolism and reproduction
Mammalian energetics : interdisciplinary views of metabolism and reproduction
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发表时间：
1992
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通讯作者：
T. Tomasi;T. Horton
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文献类型：
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作者：
T. Tomasi;T. Horton
哺乳动物运动的能量成本是昂贵的，因此代表了可用能量资源的主要赤字。在水中运动时，哺乳动物的能量需求和游泳能力受到游泳者周围的水流模式的影响，而这种水流模式是由水生介质的高密度和粘度决定的（丹尼尔和韦伯，1987;施密特-尼尔森，1972;威廉姆斯，1987）。推进力（推力）的产生对抗增加运动努力的阻力（阻力）。此外，水下游泳期间的呼吸暂停（Hochachka，1980; Kooyman，1985）和可能需要增加体温调节需求的水介质的高导热性（Fish，1983;哈特和Fisher，1964;欧文，1971; Nadei，1977; Whittow，1987）也会阻碍运动的能量消耗。游泳哺乳动物的大量能量需求促进了生理、形态和行为适应的进化，从而减少能量消耗，同时实现有效的运动。如果水生哺乳动物适应游泳的方式，以尽量减少能量消耗，应该有明显的代谢和流体动力学的优势，游泳模式和形态所采用的最水生物种。在不同的时间，哺乳动物，如鲸目动物，海兽和鳍足动物，花费全部或大部分时间在水中栖息和移动，必须产生足够的推力进行迁移，高速游泳和移动。这种水生哺乳动物的进化代表了人类的文化-
The energetic cost of locomotion by mammals is expensive and therefore represents a major deficit to the available energy resources. For locomotion in water, the energetic demands and swimming performance of mammals are affected by the water-flow patterns around the swimmer dictated by the high density and viscosity of the aquatic medium (Daniel and Webb, 1987; Schmidt-Nielsen, 1972; Williams, 1987). The generation of propulsive forces (thrust) opposes resistive forces (drag) that increase the locomotor effort. In addition, energy expenditure for locomotion is hampered by periods of apnea during underwater swimming (Hochachka, 1980; Kooyman, 1985) and by a high thermal conductivity of the aquatic medium that potentially necessitates increased thermoregulatory demands (Fish, 1983; Hart and Fisher, 1964; Irving 1971; Nadei, 1977; Whittow, 1987). The large energetic demands of swimming mammals promoted the evolution of physiological, morphologrcal, and behavioral adaptations that reduce energy consumption while allowing for effective locomotion. If aquatic mammals are adapted to swim in such a manner so as to minimize energy expenditure, there should be distinct metabolic and hydrodynamic advantages to swimming modes and morphologies employed by the most aquatically derived species. At varying times, mammals, such as cetaceans, sirenians, and pinnipeds, that spend all or most of their time inhabiting and locomoting in water, must generate adequate thrust for migration, high-speed swimming, and rnaneuverability. The evolution of such aquatic mammals represents the cul-