Predator signaling of multiple prey on different trophic levels structures trophic cascades
Predator signaling of multiple prey on different trophic levels structures trophic cascades
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DOI：
10.1002/ecy.4050
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发表时间：
2023-05-02
期刊：
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Weissburg，Marc J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Belgrad，Benjamin A.;Smee，Delbert L.;Weissburg，Marc J.
顶端捕食者的能力，产生非消费性的影响（NCE）在多个猎物营养水平可以创造相当大的复杂性，非消费性级联相互作用，但这些影响研究甚少。我们在一个食物网模型中研究了这种影响，其中顶端捕食者（蓝蟹）在尿液中释放化学线索，影响中间消费者（泥蟹寻求庇护）和基础猎物（牡蛎被诱导生长更强壮的外壳）。庇护所的可用性和捕食者的存在被操纵在实验室实验中，以确定物种相互作用的模式。然后，实验诱导和未诱导的牡蛎种植在高质量和低质量的栖息地与不同水平的住房可用性和栖息地异质性，以确定这些模式在现场的一致性。牡蛎壳增厚响应青蟹化学线索一般保护牡蛎从泥蟹捕食在实验室和野外环境中，不同的捕食强度，结构复杂性，栖息地异质性和捕食者组成。然而，NCE的中间捕食者（更多地使用避难所）反对NCE的牡蛎猎物在牡蛎礁的内部，同时仍然提供生存优势，以基础猎物的礁石边缘和裸露的基板。因此，中间捕食者和基础猎物的形态防御的运动模式的变化的综合影响，创造复杂的，但可预测的，在结构复杂性不同的景观和生态交错区的NCE模式。通才捕食者，饲料在多个营养水平是无处不在的，他们的潜在影响，同时传播到不同的营养水平的NCEs必须量化，以了解NCEs在食物网中的作用。
The capacity of an apex predator to produce nonconsumptive effects (NCEs) in multiple prey trophic levels can create considerable complexity in nonconsumptive cascading interactions, but these effects are poorly studied. We examined such effects in a model food web where the apex predator (blue crabs) releases chemical cues in urine that affect both the intermediate consumer (mud crabs seek shelter) and the basal prey (oysters are induced to grow stronger shells). Shelter availability and predator presence were manipulated in a laboratory experiment to identify patterns in species interactions. Then, experimentally induced and uninduced oysters were planted across high‐quality and low‐quality habitats with varying levels of shelter availability and habitat heterogeneity to determine the consistency of these patterns in the field. Oyster shell thickening in response to blue crab chemical cues generally protected oysters from mud crab predation in both the laboratory and in field environments that differed in predation intensity, structural complexity, habitat heterogeneity, and predator composition. However, NCEs on the intermediate predator (greater use of refugia) opposed the NCEs on oyster prey in the interior of oyster reefs while still providing survival advantages to basal prey on reef edges and bare substrates. Thus, the combined effects of changing movement patterns of intermediate predators and morphological defenses of basal prey create complex, but predictable, patterns of NCEs across landscapes and ecotones that vary in structural complexity. Generalist predators that feed on multiple trophic levels are ubiquitous, and their potential effects on NCEs propagating simultaneously to different trophic levels must be quantified to understand the role of NCEs in food webs.