Pareto Models, Top Incomes and Recent Trends in UK Income Inequality
Pareto Models, Top Incomes and Recent Trends in UK Income Inequality
复制标题
DOI：
10.1111/ecca.12217
复制
发表时间：
2017-04-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1.4
通讯作者：
Jenkins, Stephen P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jenkins, Stephen P.
我确定英国收入不平等程度和趋势的方法是，将纳税申报单数据(针对富人)和家庭调查数据(针对非富人)的不平等估计结合起来，利用纳税申报单数据对最高收入的更好覆盖(我证明了这一点)，并在调查数据中创建具有与税务数据相同定义的收入变量，以增强可比性。对于收入最高的受助者，我通过将帕累托模型与税收数据相匹配来估计不平等和平均收入，深入研究具体问题，特别是使用帕累托I模型还是帕累托II(广义帕累托)模型，以及帕累托模型适用的收入门槛的选择。首选的规格是ParetoII模型，阈值设置为第99或第95个百分位数(取决于年份)。有关上世纪90年代中期以来英国总体不平等趋势的结论，与税收数据的使用方式是一致的。个人总收入的坚尼系数在1996/7至2007/8年度期间上升了约7%或8%，大部分增长发生在2003/4年度之后。完全基于调查数据的相应估计约为-5%。
I determine UK income inequality levels and trends by combining inequality estimates from tax return data (for the rich') and household survey data (for the non-rich'), taking advantage of the better coverage of top incomes in tax return data (which I demonstrate) and creating income variables in the survey data with the same definitions as in the tax data to enhance comparability. For top income recipients, I estimate inequality and mean income by fitting Pareto models to the tax data, examining specification issues in depth, notably whether to use ParetoI or ParetoII (generalized Pareto) models, and the choice of income threshold above which the Pareto models apply. The preferred specification is a ParetoII model with a threshold set at the 99th or 95th percentile (depending on year). Conclusions about aggregate UK inequality trends since the mid-1990s are robust to the way in which tax data are employed. The Gini coefficient for individual gross income rose by around 7% or 8% between 1996/7 and 2007/8, with most of the increase occurring after 2003/4. The corresponding estimate based wholly on the survey data is around -5%.