The need for resilience in environmental impact assessment: Editorial
The need for resilience in environmental impact assessment: Editorial
复制标题
环境影响评估中复原力的必要性：社论
DOI：
10.1002/ieam.1972
复制
发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
3.1
通讯作者：
Seager, Thomas
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wenning, Richard J;Apitz, Sabine E;Kapustka, Larry;Seager, Thomas
生态和社会复原力已成为全球影响评估的重要考虑因素。解决复原力问题需要了解影响生态系统和人类社区可持续性的环境、社会和经济问题的相互关联性。然而，衡量复原力的指标和工具仍处于认识和发展的早期阶段。管理机构和大型资源开发和环境恢复项目的赞助者在影响评估的管理范围内难以解释和核实环境恢复和复原的潜力。复原力对传统的环境评估方法提出了若干挑战。例如，科学家通常在影响评估中使用边际分析，这有助于线性外推，以填补知识和数据空白。在生态系统层面上，我们知道这是一个很差的近似方法。特别是，恢复力引起了人们对临界点（或阈值）的关注，在临界点处，生态系统的反应（突然）变得非线性。影响评估的挑战是了解复杂的生态系统在潜在的保护因素或系统的适应能力受到破坏时，如何对接近这些临界点的压力作出反应。人们普遍认为，一个特定的反应没有单一的原因，虽然目前的法律的框架强调简单化的理解因果关系和liability.Resilience概念更适合于分析的角度，认识到非线性，反馈回路，和随机性，生态系统的特点。因此，复原力提出了一个新的挑战，环境管理人员和决策者在环境方面的工作，即：“什么是管理行动的影响，感知，预测，适应，和系统的学习过程？”(Park等，2013年）。
Ecological and social resilience have emerged globally as important considerations in impact assessment. Addressing resilience requires an understanding of the interconnectedness of environmental, social, and economic issues affecting the sustainability of ecosystems and human communities. However, indicators and tools for measuring resilience remain in early stages of understanding and development. Regulatory agencies and sponsors of large resource development and environmental rehabilitation projects have difficulties interpreting and verifying the potential for environmental recovery and resilience in the regulatory context of impact assessment. Resilience poses several challenges to traditional approaches to environmental assessment. For example, scientists ordinarily use marginal analysis in impact assessment, which lends itself to linear extrapolation to fill both knowledge and data gaps. At the ecosystem level, we know this is a poor approximation method. In particular, resilience has called attention to tipping points (or thresholds), at which ecosystem response becomes (abruptly) nonlinear. The challenge in impact assessment is understanding how complex ecological systems respond to stressors near these tipping points when the underlying protective factors or adaptive capacity of the system are undermined. It is generally understood there is no single cause for a particular response, although current legal frameworks emphasize simplistic understandings of cause–effect and liability.Resilience concepts are better suited for analytic perspectives that recognize the nonlinearity, feedback loops, and stochasticity that characterize ecosystems. Thus, resilience raises a new challenge for environmental managers and decision makers working in environmental contexts, namely:“What are the impacts of a management action on the sensing, anticipating, adapting, and learning processes of the system?”(Park et al. 2013).