Sex estimation using sexually dimorphic amelogenin protein fragments in human enamel
Sex estimation using sexually dimorphic amelogenin protein fragments in human enamel
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jas.2018.08.011
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发表时间：
2019-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
G. Parker;Julia M. Yip;J. Eerkens;M. Salemi;B. Durbin-Johnson;C. Kiesow;R. Haas;J. Buikstra;H. Klaus;L. A. Regan;David M. Rocke;B. Phinney
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文献类型：
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作者：
G. Parker;Julia M. Yip;J. Eerkens;M. Salemi;B. Durbin-Johnson;C. Kiesow;R. Haas;J. Buikstra;H. Klaus;L. A. Regan;David M. Rocke;B. Phinney
釉原蛋白基因位于人类的X和Y性染色体上，是基于DNA的性别估计方法的主要焦点。牙釉原蛋白AMELX_HUMAN和AMELY_HUMAN在牙齿器官中表达，并在牙釉质的矿化中起主要作用，牙釉质是最具埋藏抗性的考古学持久性人类组织。我们描述了鸟枪液相色谱质谱分析40釉质样品代表25个人，包括现代第三磨牙和考古牙齿从露天环境，包括永久成人（400至7300 BP）和乳牙（100至1000 BP）。在所有样品中检测到釉原蛋白X染色体亚型的特异性肽。在所有时间段的13个个体的26个样本中也检测到了特异于性二态Y染色体亚型的肽，包括考古背景中以前未鉴定性别的乳牙。虽然每个基因产物的信号可以变化超过一个数量级，但我们显示了骨学和基于釉原蛋白的性别估计之间的密切一致性，从而证明了基于蛋白质的信号可以从至少7300年前的露天考古环境中可靠地获得。虽然含有AMELY_HUMAN肽的样品明确为男性，但不含AMELY_HUMAN信号的样品可能是低信号男性假阴性样品或女性样品。为了估计这些样品中的性别，我们使用逻辑回归开发了作为AMELX_HUMAN信号对数的函数的女性性别的概率曲线（p < 0.0001）。这也是第一次使用蛋白质组学来估计乳牙的性别，并将该方法应用于至少7300年前的牙齿。
Amelogenin genes are located on both X and Y sex chromosomes in humans and are a major focus of DNA-based sex estimation methods. Amelogenin proteins, AMELX_HUMAN and AMELY_HUMAN, are expressed in the tooth organ and play a major role in mineralization of enamel, the most taphonomically resistant, archaeologically persistent human tissue. We describe shotgun liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of 40 enamel samples representing 25 individuals, including modern third molars and archaeological teeth from open-air contexts including permanent adult (400 to 7300 BP) and deciduous teeth (100 to 1000 BP). Peptides specific to the X-chromosome isoform of amelogenin were detected in all samples. Peptides specific to the sexually dimorphic Y-chromosome isoform were also detected in 26 samples from 13 individuals, across all time periods, including previously unsexed deciduous teeth from archaeological contexts. While the signal of each gene product can vary by more than an order of magnitude, we show close agreement between osteological and amelogenin-based sex estimation and thus demonstrate that the protein-based signal can be obtained reliably from open-air archaeological contexts dating to at least 7300 years ago. While samples with AMELY_HUMAN peptides are unambiguously male, samples with no AMELY_HUMAN signal may either be low signal male false negative samples or female samples. In order to estimate sex in these samples we developed a probability curve of female sex as a function of the logarithm of AMELX_HUMAN signal (p < 0.0001) using logistic regression. This is also the first demonstration using proteomics to estimate sex in deciduous teeth and pushes back the application of the method to teeth that are at least 7300 years old.