Economic analysis of rainwater harvesting systems comparing developing and developed countries: A case study of Australia and Kenya
Economic analysis of rainwater harvesting systems comparing developing and developed countries: A case study of Australia and Kenya
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.114
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发表时间：
2018-01-20
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Gathenya, John Mwangi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Amos, Caleb Christian;Rahman, Ataur;Gathenya, John Mwangi
雨水是一种天然存在的潜在清洁水源。在发展中国家和发达国家，人们对雨水收集的兴趣越来越大。RWH可以缓解城市化加速的影响，并在未来气候模式不确定的情况下改善水安全。澳大利亚对千年干旱的管理证明了RWH系统的有效性。澳大利亚的成功对于发展中国家来说是有希望的，这些国家的饮用水和卫生设施供应不足，中央供水系统不可靠。然而，很少有研究的经济分析，在发展中国家的RWH系统。在这里，我们已经开发了一个经济分析工具，称为ERAIN，结合联合收割机日常性能分析RWH系统的寿命周期成本分析，用于经济评价。ERAIN表明，澳大利亚最近倾向于使用较小的储罐，这在经济上是一个糟糕的选择，肯尼亚的RWH系统如果安装时没有网状结构，则在经济上是有益的，并且可靠性（满足需求的天数百分比）可能是一个财务问题。ERAIN为建立可持续的RWH解决方案提供了一个现实的框架。讨论了效益成本比、可靠性和效率（可用水的百分比）之间的关系，以及效益成本比（BCR）和净现值（NPV）作为经济指标之间的差异。结果突出了创新和减少与RWH系统相关的资本和持续成本的必要性，而不是提高水价以提高其经济可行性。另一方面，为从街头小贩处购买的水支付高价的影响表明RWH系统的经济可行性依赖于区域淡水成本。结果还表明，与水箱尺寸相匹配的回扣将是一个很好的举措，以鼓励安装较大的水箱，提高水安全，而依靠客户的价值观将倾向于安装较小的水箱和表面的水安全。(C)2017爱思唯尔有限公司版权所有
Rainwater is a naturally occurring potentially clean source of water. There has been an increased interest in rainwater harvesting (RWH) in both developing and developed nations. RWH can alleviate the effects of accelerated urbanisation and improve their water security in the face of uncertain future climate patterns. Australia's management of her millennium drought has proved the effectiveness of RWH systems. Success in Australia is promising for developing countries with inadequate water supply for drinking and sanitation and unreliable centralised water supply systems. However, there is little research on the economic analysis of RWH systems in developing countries. Here we have developed an economic analysis tool, called ERain, to combine daily performance analysis of RWH systems with life cycle cost analysis for use in economic evaluation. ERain has shown that the recent tendency towards smaller tanks in Australia is a poor choice economically, that RWH systems in Kenya can be economically beneficial if installed without reticulation, and that reliability (the percentage of days that the demand is met) can be a financial issue. ERain provides a realistic framework for establishing sustainable RWH solutions. The relationship between the benefit-cost ratio, reliability and efficiency (the percentage of available water used) is discussed as well as discrepancies between the benefit-cost ratio (BCR), and net present value (NPV) as economic indicators. Results highlight the need for innovation and reduction in capital and ongoing costs associated with RWH systems in preference to increasing the price of water to increase their economic viability. The impact of paying elevated prices for water purchased from street vendors on the other hand demonstrates the dependency of RWH system economic viability on regional freshwater cost. Results also show that a rebate that matches tank size would be a good initiative to encourage the installation of larger tanks and increase water security, while relying on customer perspective of value will tend towards installation of smaller tanks and a superficial water security. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.