From Gay to Gei: The Onnagata and the Creation of Kabuki's Female Characters
From Gay to Gei: The Onnagata and the Creation of Kabuki's Female Characters
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从同性恋到艺：女形与歌舞伎女性角色的创造
DOI：
10.1353/cdr.1999.0015
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Samuel L. Leiter
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Samuel L. Leiter
当时的日本城市文化很大程度上受到儒家伦理和佛教宗教实践的影响，两者都是反女性制度。尽管厌女症盛行，古代和中世纪的日本还是有许多有成就的女性，但这样的女性在德川时代（也称为江户时代，1603-1868 年）极为罕见。当时的女性在社会和商业上可能比人们普遍认为的更加活跃，1但很明显，德川女性总的来说是二等公民。人们在这个世界上的行为应该根据他们在这个世界上的既定位置而定。当独裁军政府幕府认定歌舞伎女演员超越了她们的界限时，就禁止她们登上舞台。 1652年，同性恋男孩歌舞伎中的年轻人也做了同样的事情，取代了女性，而女性也因为同样的原因被淘汰。 1650 年代出现的成熟男性歌舞伎中出现了越来越多的漂亮女性角色，并在接下来的十年中迈出了第一个重要的艺术步骤，如果不是越来越可信，歌舞伎就会消亡。此时，歌舞伎见证了从同性恋剧院到gei剧院的转变，gei在日语中是艺术的意思，包括表演艺术。只有过了青春期的演员才能表演，法律强迫他们降低自己的外表吸引力，主要是剃掉男孩在庆祝成年之前所留的漂亮的前发。
At the time, Japanese urban culture was largely under the influence of Confucian ethics and Buddhist religious practice, both being antifemale systems. Whereas, despite endemic misogyny, ancient and medieval Japan had many women of accomplishment, such women were exceedingly rare during the Tokugawa period (also called the Edo period, 1603-1868). Women of the time may have been more socially and commercially active than is commonly supposed,1 but it is clear that Tokugawa women were, by and large, second-class citizens. People were to behave in this world according to their given place in it. When the dictatorial military government, the bakufu, determined that kabuki' s women had overstepped their bounds, it banned them from the stage. In 1652, it did the same to the youths in the homosexual boys' kabuki, which replaced the women, and who were eliminated for much the same reasons. Kabuki would have died had not increasingly believable instead of merely pretty female characters begun to appear in the mature male kabuki that emerged in the 1650s and took its first important artistic steps in the following decade. At this point, kabuki witnessed a transition from gay theater to gei theater, gei being Japanese for art, including acting art. Only actors past their adolescence could perform and they were forced by law to reduce their physical attractiveness, principally by shaving off the beautifully coifed forelocks that boys wore before celebrating their accession to adult status.